and La Harpe place them in the same settlement as the Pascagoula some miles farther up. A few years later they were induced by St. Denis to locate on a small bayou between New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain, and while they were there 15 Biloxi warriors accompanied him in his Chitimacha expedition, March 1707. Pénicaut sets the date of their settlement near New Orleans as 1702-3 and, although his chronology is apt to be unreliable, in this case he cannot be far wrong. In 1722 they settled on Pearl River on the site formerly occupied by the Acolapissa, and between that year and 1730 they seem to have drifted back to the neighborhood of the Pascagoula on Pascagoula River. They lived near the same tribe in this general region until after 1763 when both moved across the Mississippi, the Biloxi settling first, it would seem, near the mouth of Red River where Hutchins locates them in 1784. If they actually were near the mouth of the river, they must soon have moved to the neighborhood of Marksville where later writers mention two villages, one of them on a half-section adjoining the Tunica. Soon afterward they sold or abandoned this site and moved to Bayou Rapides and thence to the mouth of the Rigolet de Bon Dieu, from whence they crossed in 1794-96 to Bayou Boeuf and established themselves on the south side below a band of Choctaw. The Pascagoula settled still farther down 2 years later. Soon after the beginning of the nineteenth century, the two tribes sold their lands to William Miller and Colonel Fulton, but though the sale was confirmed by the United States Government May 5, 1805, the Biloxi remained in the immediate neighborhood and gradually died out there or fused with the Tunica and Choctaw. A large body of these people, however, if we may trust the figures given by Morse, went to Texas and established themselves on a stream in Angelina County, still called Biloxi Bayou. Among the Alabama Indians in this neighborhood are a few descended from these; what became of the rest is unknown. In 1829, Biloxi, Pascagoula, and Caddo were said to be living near one another close to the Texas boundary. Part of one or all of these bands emigrated to Oklahoma, where some settled on Kiamichi River, a few near Atoka, and 40 years ago I discovered one representative of the tribe living on Canadian River among the Creeks, but still able to recall a few Biloxi words. In the fall of 1886 Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, discovered a few Biloxi on Indian Creek, 5 to 6 miles west of Lecompte, La., and collected enough words to establish the Siouan connections of their tongue. January 14 to February 21, 1892, Dr. J. O. Dorsey, Siouan specialist in the same Bureau, visited this band and again in February 1893, collecting a considerable amount of material, which was published under my editorship in Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 47 (Dorsey and Swanton, 1912).

464735-468

Biloxi population.-In 1699 the Biloxi, Pascagoula, and Moctobi together are said by La Harpe to have had 130 warriors. Iberville states that the abandoned town of the Biloxi contained 30 to 40 cabins. In 1702 Iberville allows 100 families to the united tribes, and in 1758 De Kerlérec estimated for these together and the Chatot more than 100 warriors. In 1805 Sibley sets down the number of Biloxi as 30, but Morse (1822) gives 70, and Schoolcraft sponsors 65 as of the year 1829. Mooney supplies an estimate of 1,000 for this tribe, the Pascagoula, and Moctobi, as of the year 1650; my own is a sixth smaller.

CADDO

(See Bulletin 132 (Swanton, 1942))

A division of the Caddoan linguistic family from which the family derived its name. It consisted of three lesser confederations-the Caddo proper or Kadohadacho, Hasinai, and Natchitoches, and two unattached tribes, the Adai and Eyeish, which were very likely related more closely to each other. De Soto encountered one of the tribes of this group under the name Tula in southwestern Arkansas in 1541 near the present Caddo Gap, perhaps to be identified with the later Cahinnio. While the army was encamped at Tanico somewhere to the northeast of this place, De Soto went on ahead to visit these Tula with a small body of cavalry, but met a warm reception from the inhabitants and immediately returned. October 5 the whole army left Tanico and on Friday, October 7, came to the Tula town, which they found deserted. Next morning, however, the natives returned upon them armed with long lances hardened in the fire, and they proved to be "the best fighting people that the Christians met with." In July, 1542, after De Soto's death, the Spaniards reentered Caddo territories in northwestern Louisiana, and all of the rest of their journey, until they gave up the attempt to reach Mexico by land, was among Caddo, as may readily be determined from the names. In 1650 the Spaniards in Mexico again heard of these Indians under the name Texas or Tejas, a word which signifies "friends," and made several attempts to visit their country. In 1686 and again in 1687 La Salle entered it in his quest for the Mississippi River after landing on the Texas coast. In the latter year he was killed by some of his followers near the lands of the Hasinai, and a few Frenchmen remained among the Indians while others, including the historian Joutel, passed completely through Caddo territory and came out upon the Mississippi at the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1690 Alonso de Leon, accompanied by the Missionary Damian Massanet, traversed the Caddo country from west to east as far as the Adai. A mission was established that same year in the ter

ritory of the Nabedache tribe of the Hasinai Confederation, a short distance west of Neches River, and a second not far off. These missions were abandoned in 1693, refounded in 1716-17, and abandoned again, in fear of a French invasion, in 1719. In 1721 they were once more established, but the Queréteran missions were finally withdrawn from Caddo territory in 1731 and those of the Zacatecan Fathers in 1772-73. The eastern Caddo were visited by Henry de Tonti in 1690, Iberville heard of them in 1699, and the next year his brother Bienville crossed over to the country of the Natchitoches from the Taensa villages. From 1702 (or 1705) to 1714 the Natchitoches tribe was living on the lower Mississippi, beside the Acolapissa. On being withdrawn to be returned to their own country, the Natchitoches were attacked by the Acolapissa and suffered a loss of 17 men. St. Denis established a post among them in their old country in 1714, to which a garrison was added. This became the most important guarantee of French power in this direction and a center of both open and clandestine trade. As long as St. Denis remained in charge and consistently afterward, thanks to his influence, the Indians in the neighborhood were loyal and friendly, helping to defeat in 1731 a strong body of Natchez who threatened the post. In 1803 Louisiana passed under control of the United States, and in 1835 all the Caddo in that State ceded their lands and joined their kindred in Texas, but troubles between the Texans and western Indians were reflected in harsh treatment meted out to the peaceable tribes to the east, including the Caddo. In 1855 the Federal Government secured for them a tract of land on Brazos River, but in August 1859, in order to escape massacre by the whites, they made a forced march to the Washita River in what was then Indian Territory, led by their faithful agent, Robert S. Neighbours. There a reservation was set apart for them, and during the Civil War they remained faithful to the Federal Government, most of them taking refuge in Kansas. They were returned to their former reservation in 1867-68. In 1872 the boundaries of their reservation were defined, and in 1902 they were allotted under the provisions of the severalty act of 1887.

Caddo population.-Mooney estimates that there were 8,500 Caddo in 1690, including the Hasinai and other related tribes, but I am inclined to cut this to not more than 8,000. In 1805 Sibley reported about 450 Caddo proper, but in 1849 a total of 1,200 is given, probably including the Hasinai. Subsequent figures are:

1887 (256 males and 269 females (including 121 children)) –

525

1897-1903 (Enumerated with the Wichita, Tawakoni, Waco, and some

1908-1929 (Enumerated with the Wichita, Tawakoni, Waco, and some

A Caddo tribe connected with the Kadohadacho Confederacy and located in 1687 near Arkadelphia, Ark. They may have been descended from the Tula Indians encountered by De Soto in 1541 a little farther west. In the year first mentioned they were visited by some former companions of La Salle on their way to Canada after the murder of their leader. At a later date they probably moved to Red River and united with the other tribes of the group.

Cahinnio population.-The De Soto chroniclers describe the Tula Indians as numerous. Joutel, the historian of the La Salle expedition, states that they occupied 100 cabins in 1687.

CALUSA

A large tribe, or confederation of tribes, on the west coast of the Florida Peninsula south of Tampa Bay and occupying the Florida Keys and most of the interior. Knowing as we do that the Bahama Islands were being raided for slaves when Ponce de Leon landed in the Calusa country in 1513, the fact that he was met by the natives in a hostile manner and the report that he found gold among them make it highly probable that white men had touched upon the Calusa coast already. The impression these earlier navigators made can hardly have been flattering, and the subsequent landings of Miruelo in 1516 and Cordova in 1517 do not seem to have improved relations, so that the death of Ponce de Leon at the hands of the Calusa in 1521 receives sufficient explanation. Whether or not the Calusa had obtained gold as early as 1513, it is certain that soon afterward quantities of it came to them as the Spaniards conquered Darien, Mexico, and Peru, and galleons bound for Spain with the precious metal were thrown upon their coast. The Calusa in particular were noted for their ill treatment of shipwrecked sailors and passengers, some of whom were sacrificed to the native deities. From about 1551 to 1566, if we are to trust his own statements, Hernando Escalante de Fontaneda, one of these castaways, lived in this tribe and, unlike most of the other white men who had been shipwrecked there, escaped and left a memoir of his adventures and an account of the people. In 1566, the year after he drove the French from Florida, Menendez visited the Calusa country, rescued 12 men and women who had been cast away in the manner above indicated, and attempted to establish friendly relations with the Indians, going so far, indeed, as to marry the sister of the Calusa chief. The same year he sent Francisco de Reynoso with 30 soldiers to erect a fort at the main Calusa village, but in January 1567, receiving alarming reports of friction between the soldiers and natives, he went in person to that post, which had been named San Antonio, with a considerable reinforcement and accompanied by a Jesuit missionary, Father Rogel. Some time after Menendez' departure, the Calusa chief was killed on the ground that he was plotting against the Spaniards. His successor, Don Felipe, at first comported himself in a more friendly manner, but he was later detected in a similar plot and put to death along with 14 of his principal men. In consequence of this, the Calusa Indians burned their village and retreated into the forest. As the Spaniards were largely dependent upon them for supplies, the mission was withdrawn, the fort destroyed, and the garrison transferred to Havana. The date of this has been variously given as 1568, 1569, and 1571. But Father Rogel had already left for Havana in 1567 or during the first half of 1568, and he never returned. In 1612 an expedition sent from