De Crenay map we learn that by 1733 part of the Chakchiuma were already living with the Chickasaw. It is possible that the remainder also joined that tribe, as tradition says, but it is probably not accidental that one band of Choctaw Indians bears the same name. If the latter were not connected with the historic tribe of Chakchiuma, it is probable that they represented some earlier branch of the same.

Chakchiuma population.-In 1699 De Montigny states that this tribe and the Taposa together occupied 70 cabins. Bienville claims that they had numbered 400 families in 1702 and that these had been reduced by war to 80 families in 1704. Du Pratz says they had about 50 cabins in his time, about the period of the Natchez War. In 1722 La Harpe assigns to them a total population of 150, but some may already have united with the Chickasaw. Mooney's estimate of the population of this and the other small Yazoo River tribes as of the year 1650 is 1,200. He includes the Tiou. My own estimate, exclusive of the Tiou, is 750. One thousand would certainly cover all the upper Yazoo bands.

CHATOT

A tribe which at one time gave its name to Apalachicola River and at another, apparently, to the Flint. The Choctawhatchee was probably named for them, and they ranged well westward toward Pensacola. In 1639 we get an incidental mention of them in connection with the Apalachicola Indians and Yamasee. When missions were established among them, an event which took place June 21, 1674, they were living west of the Apalachicola River, at some place near the middle course of the Chipola. There were two missions, San Nicolas de Tolentino, 9 leagues from the Sawokli mission of La Encarnacion, and San Carlos de los Chacatos, 3 leagues beyond that. During the very year in which they were established, the friars claimed to have converted the chiefs and more than 300 of the common people. Next year one of the missionaries, Fray Rodrigo de la Barreda, was driven out of the country in an uprising, almost immediately suppressed by the Apalachee commandant, Capt. Juan Fernandez de Florencia, and the Chatot soon afterward abandoned their territory and settled "in the land of San Luis," the principal Apalachee town. The mission named after them, San Carlos de los Chacatos, was plundered about 1695 by the Lower Creeks, and 42 Christians were carried away captive. One Chatot chief named Chine headed a band which occupied a village by itself in 1675 and later gave its name to the mission of San Pedro de los Chines in the Apalachee country. In 1706 or 1707 this tribe, along with the Apalachicola and several others, was attacked by a large body of Indians, probably Creeks, and the Chatot were driven out of their country. Like so many other Indians in

Spanish Florida, they took refuge in French territory and were given lands at a place on Mobile Bay, which came to be known as L'Anse des Chactas and from which they were again removed to make way for the new French settlement, destined to grow up into Mobile, and were given lands on Dog River. After this country passed into the hands of Great Britain, the Chatot moved to Louisiana and settled on Bayou Boeuf, where Sibley mentions them under the name "Chactoos," calling them "aborigines of the country," which merely means that they were among the earlier emigrants from the lands east of the Mississippi. About 1817 we hear that they were on Sabine River, but they then disappear from history, the survivors having probably moved to Oklahoma and become merged with the Choctaw or one of the other large nations.

Chatot population.-As we have seen, the Spanish missionaries claim to have baptized 300 of this tribe in 1674. Bishop Calderón gives the population of the village served by San Nicolas at this time as 30 and that of the San Carlos village as 100, but he probably means heads of families because Governor Salazar reported the very same year that there were 100 Indians at San Nicolas and 400 at San Carlos. After they settled near Mobile in 1706-7 Bienville says they could muster 250 men, but that in 1714 there were but 10 families and in 1725-26 they had become reduced to a tribe of 40 men. At about the same time Du Pratz states that they occupied in the neighborhood of 40 cabins. In 1805, after their removal to Louisiana, Sibley gives 30 men. In 1817, according to Morse, they had a total population of 240, a figure which is probably considerably too high.

CHAWASHA

A small tribe allied to the Chitimacha living in the alluvial country about the mouth of the Mississippi. It was possibly Indians of this tribe which the survivors of the De Soto expedition encountered in 1543, and who were found to be using atlatls. Their village and that of the related Washa (q. v.) was on Bayou Lafourche in 1699 when the colony of Louisiana was founded. Du Pratz says that they and the Washa attempted to attack an English vessel under Captain Bond. This had been sent to the Mississippi to uphold the claims of Daniel Coxe and ascended the Mississippi as far as English Turn, where it was turned back by Bienville September 15, 1699. The tribe furnished 40 warriors, half of the Indian contingent, to a punitive expedition sent against the Chitimacha to avenge the death of the missionary St. Cosme, and they acted as guides. In 1713 (or more likely 1715) a party of Natchez, Chickasaw, and Yazoo made a treacherous attack upon the Chawasha under guise of a peace embassy, killed the head chief, and carried off 11 prisoners, including the chief's wife. This

raid was conducted in the interest of British slave traders. In 1712 Bienville states that he moved the Chawasha to the Mississippi and established them on the right bank 25 leagues from its mouth. At this point there is considerable confusion among our authorities. Charlevoix seems to speak of their old village in his time as on the west bank and a new one half a league lower down on the opposite side. Unless Bienville is speaking of the second village, we have three locations given, before Charlevoix's time, i. e., 1722. They continued to live near here until the Natchez uprising in 1729. A few months later, in 1730, in order to quiet the panic fears of the French at New Orleans, Governor Perrier was weak enough to allow a band of slaves to destroy the Chawasha town. He and most other writers represent this as a total massacre but Dumont, who is probably correct, says that the negroes had been instructed to kill adult males only and that, in fact, they murdered only seven or eight, the rest being off hunting. At any rate there are two subsequent notices of this tribe. In 1739 an officer with M. de Nouaille met them and the related Washa near the post called "Les Allemands" and on the left bank of the Mississippi. In 1758 Governor De Kerlérec states that they then formed a little village 3 or 4 leagues from New Orleans. Afterward these two tribes evidently declined steadily, and they disappear toward the close of the eighteenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth.

Chawasha population.-In 1699 La Harpe reports that there were 200 warriors in the three tribes, Chawasha, Washa, and Okelousa, and in 1702 Iberville gives that number of families in the same three. About 1725 Bienville estimates 40 warriors. In 1739 the officer with M. de Nouaille gives 30 in the two tribes together; in 1758 De Kerlérec estimates 10-12 warriors in this tribe alone. Mooney's estimate of the Chawasa population, together with that of the Washa and Opelousa, as of the year 1650, is 1,400; my own is 700 for the Washa, Chawasha, and Okelousa.

CHERAW, SARAW, SARA

(Called by the Spaniards Xuala, Xualla, Joara, Juada, ≈ and j being equivalent to English sh.)

A Siouan tribe first visited by the Spaniards under De Soto when living in a town in the northwestern corner of what is now the State of South Carolina close to Chattooga Ridge and probably at Towns Hill. It was visited by the Spanish captain Juan Pardo in 1566, who built a fort there named Fort San Juan in which he left his lieutenant Boyano with some soldiers. Boyano afterward took part of his force to Chiaha on the Tennessee River, and when Pardo reached the Cheraw town in 1567 from Santa Elena, he found that the garrison Boyano had left there was besieged by the Indians. The latter submitted, however, on his arrival. Some time after

Pardo returned to Santa Elena this garrison and the others at Chiaha, Cauchi, and Guatari were destroyed by the natives, and we hear nothing more from Spanish sources regarding the people. Later they appear to have settled somewhere east of Asheville, where Swannanoa Gap preserves their name. In 1670 John Lederer seems to have found this tribe, or had it reported to him, still farther toward the east, perhaps on Yadkin River, and in 1673 they are placed by Wood between the Cape Fear and the Yadkin. They may have been pressed toward the east by the Cherokee. In 1700 they settled on the River Dan near the southern boundary of Virginia and, probably at a later date, established a second village 30 miles above on the south side of the Dan and between it and Town Fork. This was called the Upper Saura Village and the other, the Lower Saura Village. Iroquois attacks induced them, about 1710, to leave the Dan and move southeast to join the Keyauwee, and later they came to live on the Pee Dee River in what was subsequently known as the Cheraw District. Here they became involved in a war with the South Carolina settlers, who laid most of the disturbances among the Indians on this frontier to their charge. At last, between 1726 and 1739, they settled near the Catawba. In 1759 a party of Cheraw under their chief "King Johnny" joined the English in their expedition against Fort Duquesne. They are again mentioned in 1768, and ultimately part of them probably united with the Catawba and became wholly merged with them though a part are undoubtedly represented among the Siouan Indians of Lumber River.

Cheraw population.-The Indian census taken by South Carolina in 1715 returned 510 Cheraw but among them were probably included the Keyauwee tribe and perhaps some others. In 1768, 50 or 60 were living with the Catawba. The maximum number about the year 1600 would probably be 1,000.

CHEROKEE

This, the largest tribe in the Southeast, belongs to the Iroquoian family and was located in historic times in the southern Appalachians, which they had probably entered from the north. It has usually been assumed that the "province of Chalaque or, Xalaque" of which the De Soto chroniclers speak was inhabited by these Indians, but the name may be the Muskogee term signifying "people of a different speech," and only one town in this region mentioned in the De Soto narratives, Guasili, near the present Murphy, N. C., may be identified as perhaps occupied by real Cherokee Indians. This is probably, as we have had occasion to note on earlier pages, the Tocar, Tocax, or Tocal (ques) of the Pardo documents. (See pp. 29, 30, 65.) There is better reason for thinking that "Tanasqui," a stock

aded town on Tennessee River, which appears for the first time in these documents, was occupied by Cherokee. It is now known quite definitely that the Rechahecrians who won a battle against the allied Powhatan Indians and Virginia colonists in 1656 were not Cherokee, and there is no certainty that the Rickohokans of whom Lederer speaks were of that tribe. One of the earliest appearances of the name in English narratives is in Woodward's account of his visit to the Westo town on Savannah River in 1674 in which he states that the "Cowatoe and Chorakae Indians" lived on the head branches of the Savannah. In 1684 the South Carolina government is said to have made a treaty with the Cherokee signed by 5 chiefs of Toxawa and 3 of Keowa. In 1690 we are informed that James Moore and Col. Maurice Mathews journeyed across the Appalachian Mountains in order to discover gold, but retired on account of a difference with the Indians. In 1693 some Cherokee chiefs went to Charleston to ask protection against their enemies, the Catawba, Shawnee, and Congaree. About 1700, guns were introduced, and in 1711 traders began to arrive. Two years later, 310 Cherokee took part in Moore's expedition against the Tuscarora under Captains Harford and Thurston. Seventy Cherokee joined the Catawba and other northern Indians at the outbreak of the Yamasee War, but they soon withdrew and peace with the English followed. In the course of the negotiation, a British detachment under Colonel Chicken penetrated into the heart of the Cherokee country. About the same time they and the Chickasaw together expelled the Shawnee from the Cumberland Valley. In 1730 Sir Alexander Cuming set out on a selfconstituted mission to the tribe, a peace ceremony was held, and seven Indians were taken on a visit to the English court (pl. 8). As early as 1701, a party of 5 French Canadians had penetrated the Cherokee country on their way from the Mississippi to Carolina, and the discovery of a supposed Frenchman in the tribe in 1736 frightened the English into believing that France was pushing political designs in that quarter. This man, often represented as a French Jesuit, was a Swiss named Christian Gottlieb Priber, an economic dreamer who hoped to set up an ideal state among "natural men" far from the effete conventions of Europe. He was at last captured and imprisoned in Frederica, Ga., where he died. In 1738 what appears to have been the first smallpox epidemic to visit this tribe broke out. During the very early colonial period, part of the Tuskegee and part of the Yuchi came to live among the Cherokee. In the eighteenth century the Cherokee gradually pushed their settlements down the Tennessee River until they came into direct contact with the Creeks. The contests which followed seem generally to have favored the Cherokee and are said to have culminated in the