great victory of Taliwa in 1755 after which the Creeks withdrew from the Tennessee Valley. Farther east the Creeks appear to have remained undisturbed in the upper Coosa Valley until white settlers began to push the Cherokee from some of their northern towns, when the Creeks gave them permission to occupy the valley of the Coosa as far down as the mouth of Wills Creek, including the entire valley of the Coosawattee ("Old Creek Place"). At the outbreak of the French and Indian War the Cherokee assisted their English neighbors in the expedition against Fort Duquesne but in 1759 the injudicious and high-handed acts of their allies drove them into war. They destroyed Fort Loudon, which had been established in the heart of their country, after defeating a force of over 1,600 men under Colonel Montgomery near the present Franklin, N. C., June 27, 1760. Next year, however, a second expedition, led by Colonel Grant and numbering 2,600 men, burned all of the Middle Towns, the Lower Towns having been devastated by Montgomery the year before, and reduced the Indians to such straits that they were obliged to sue for peace. Immediately afterward, and at the solicitation of the chiefs, Henry Timberlake visited the Cherokee country, and later he conducted a party of chiefs to England (pls. 9, 10, fig. 1; the date and occasion of the painting shown in pl. 10, fig. 2, is unknown). Final peace between the English and the southern tribes was made in 1763, and immediately a tide of emigrants poured across the mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee, forcing the Cherokee repeatedly to cede more of their land in this direction. In 1769 they are said to have suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the Chickasaw on Chickasaw Old Fields.

At the opening of the Revolution, this tribe sided against the colonists and in consequence their lands were ravaged and their towns were repeatedly destroyed, particularly in the year 1776, when four distinct forces converged upon Cherokee territory. Although many attempts were made to restore peace, it was not finally brought about until 1794, when a conference held at Tellico blockhouse November 7 and 8 brought the long series of contests to an end. During this same year a party of Cherokee under Chief Bowl crossed the Mississippi River.

From this time until their removal, progress of the eastern Cherokee in the arts of civilization was steady, but just as steady was the flow of white population toward their borders and the demands for cessions of more and more land. The first missions among them were established by the Moravians in 1801. In the Creek War of 1813-14 they furnished decisive help, praticularly in the final battle of Horseshoe Bend. Further cessions of land were made in 1817, and dissatisfaction with the terms of that treaty inspired Bowl's band to

remove into the Spanish territory of Texas, where, with remnants of other tribes, they settled along Angelina, Neches, and Trinity Rivers and were joined later by Tahchee and other chiefs.

In 1820 the eastern Cherokee adopted a form of government modeled on that of the United States. In 1821 Sequoya (pl. 11, fig. 1) submitted his syllabary to the chief men of the nation; they having approved it, the nation set to work to master it with marked success. Next year Sequoya visited Arkansas in order to introduce his syllabary among the western Cherokee, and he took up a permanent abode there in 1823. Parts of the Bible were printed in this syllabary a year later, and in 1828 The Cherokee Phoenix, a weekly paper in Cherokee and English, made its appearance.

Pressure on those Cherokee remaining in the east was increased markedly by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Ga. The local authorities resorted to violence to bring about their removal, and they were abetted openly by the Federal Government. Finally, the Treaty of New Echota, December 29, 1835, providing for removal, was signed by an insignificant fraction of the tribe and the tribe as a whole was held to the strict observance of it by the authorities at Washington. A further movement of Cherokee to the west had, indeed, begun in 1829, and in 1838-39 the removal of the rest, the great bulk of the tribe under John Ross and the other principal chiefs, was carried out by force, involving intense suffering on the part of the Indians and the loss of nearly one-fourth of their numbers. The Cherokee who had removed to Texas had obtained a grant of land from the Mexican Government, but after Texas became an independent republic this grant was disallowed, and, in spite of the friendly attitude of Gen. Sam Houston, who had been brought up among the Indians, a contest was precipitated in 1839 in which the Cherokee chief Bowl was killed and his followers driven from the Republic. Several hundred Cherokee also remained in their old country, a fraction which escaped from the troops into the mountains. In 1842 these were given the right to remain and have a reservation in western North Carolina. The bulk of the nation reestablished their government in what is now the northeastern corner of Oklahoma. They were at first torn by internal dissentions between those who favored removal and those who had opposed it, and, during the Civil War, between factions favoring the North and South respectively. In 1867 the Delaware, and in 1870 the Shawnee were admitted into the nation. As the outcome of 15 years of effort, the lands of the tribe were finally allotted to individuals and the Cherokee Nation came to an end March 3, 1906.

John Ross (pl. 11, fig. 2) was head chief of the main body of the Cherokee nation during the troubled times before, during, and after

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the removal. Major Ridge (pl. 12, fig. 1) was head of the removal party and Ross' principal opponent. Tahchee (Dutch) (pl. 12, fig. 2) was carried west when a mere boy with one of the first parties to cross the Mississippi, distinguished himself in wars with the Osage, and later joined Chief Bowl's band in Texas. Another early emigrant was Tooan Tuh or Dústú, "Spring Frog" (pl. 13, fig. 1), who was a noted ball player and hunter and was prominent among the Cherokee auxiliaries in Jackson's army at the battles of Emuckfa and Horseshoe Bend.

Cherokee population.-Mooney estimates that there were 22,000 in 1650. In 1715 there were reported officially as follows: 11 Lower Towns with a population of 2,100; 30 Middle Towns with 6,350; 19 Upper Towns with 2,760; total, 60 towns with 11,210. This same year Colonel Chicken was assured that a portion, evidently the Middle and Upper Towns, had 2,370 fighting men and this agrees very well with the figures above given. In 1720 we find one estimate of 10,000 and another of 11,500. In 1721 appears a census giving 53 towns, 3,510 warriors, and a total population of 10,379. In 1729 there were said to be 20,000 Cherokee, including 6,000 warriors, distributed in 64 towns and villages, which agrees closely with the recollection of traders interviewed by Adair. They admitted at the same time that there was also a rapid decline in the next 40 years and this is borne out by the figure of 2,590 warriors given in 1755. Adair's informants agreed very nearly with this-about 2,300 warriors in 1761. A town by town census in 1808-9 gave a total population of 12,395 in the east. In 1819 it was estimated that the tribe numbered about 15,000, of whom one-third were already west of the Mississippi. A census taken in 1825 returned 13,564 in their old territories, and 10 years later, in 1835, there were 16,542, including 8,946 in Georgia, 3,644 in North Carolina, 2,528 in Tennessee, and 1,424 in Alabama. This was just before the removal and there were estimated to be 6,000 already beyond the Mississippi. As above noted, about one-fourth of the eastern Cherokee perished during the removal, and the Civil War again exacted a considerable toll. Mooney estimates that they then shrank from 21,000 to 14,000. In 1867 an enumeration of the western Cherokee showed 13,566. Meantime there was a census of the eastern Cherokee in 1848 which returned 2,133 and another in 1884 raised this to 2,956, though there was some demur among the Indians as to the legitimacy of the claims of some of those classed as Cherokee. At about the same time the western Cherokee were believed to number about 17,000. In 1902 there were officially reported 28,016 persons of Cherokee blood, but this includes several thousand individuals formerly repudiated by the tribal courts. In 1895 the eastern Cherokee were returned as 1,479, evidently a purified roll, and in 1900 the number given was 1,376. In

1907 Mooney gave an estimate of 25,000 in the entire tribe, but the census of 1910 increased this to 31,489 and that of 1930 to 45,238.

CHIAHA

A tribe associated, in its later years at least, with the Creek Confederation. These Indians probably spoke a dialect very close to Hitchiti and are said to have separated from the Yamasee, though this may imply only former geographical contiguity and of only a part of the tribe. Considerable confusion has been occasioned by the fact that there appear to have been two sections of this tribe in the sixteenth century. The name first appears in the De Soto narratives applied to a "province" on an island in Tennessee River, which Brame has identified satisfactorily with Burns Island, close to the TennesseeAlabama line. They were said to be "subject to a chief of Coça," from which it may perhaps be inferred that the Creek Confederacy was already in existence. Early in 1567 Boyano, Pardo's lieutenant, reached this town with a small body of soldiers and constructed a fort where Pardo joined him in September. When Pardo returned to Santa Elena shortly afterward, he left a small garrison here which was later destroyed by the Indians, and that is the last we hear of this northern band of Chiaha. From Daniel Coxe, however, we learn that the Tallapoosa was sometimes called "River of the Chiaha," and an eastern affluent of the Coosa is known as Chehawhaw Creek, so named as early as the end of the eighteenth century. In the census of Creek Indians taken in 1832-33 are listed two bodies of Upper Creeks called respectively "Chehaw" and "Chearhaw," but it is more likely that they received their names from the creek above-mentioned than that they represented any survival of the northern Chiaha. In 1727 a tradition survived among the Cherokee that the Yamasee were formerly Cherokee driven out by the Tomahitans, i. e., the Yuchi., and in this there may be some reminiscence of what happened to the Chiaha.

In the Pardo narratives the name Lameco or Solameco is given as a synonym for Chiaha. This is probably intended for Tolameco, which would be the Creek equivalent for "Chief Town." It will be recalled that this was the name of a large abandoned settlement visited by De Soto and close to Cofitachequi in the middle course of the Savannah River. Since we know that Chiaha were also in this region, it is a fair supposition that the Savannah town had been occupied by people of the same connection. There is a Chehaw River on the coast of South Carolina between the Edisto and Combahee, and as Chiaha is used once as an equivalent for Kiawa, possibly the Cusabo tribe of that name on Ashley River may be brought into the picture. In 1713 we are informed that the Chiaha who were then with the Creeks on Ocmulgee River, had had their homes formerly among the Yamasee.

In 1715, they accompanied the Creek towns, which withdrew to the Chattahoochee and finally settled near the Osochi and Okmulgee inside of the great eastward bend of the river. They had several out-villages in 1797-99, one called Little Chiaha a mile and half west of the Hitchiti town, and three on Flint River, though one of these, known as Hotalgihuyana, they shared with the Osochi. After the removal to Oklahoma, they settled in the northeastern corner of the Creek reservation and maintained their Square Ground even after the Civil War, but have now practically lost their identity. Some of them, however, went to Florida and the western Seminole had a Square Ground bearing their name as late as 1929. Tradition states that the Mikasuki, who played such a part in Seminole history, branched off from these people, but final proof of this is as yet wanting.

Chiaha population.-There are no figures on the northern section of this tribe unless they were possibly represented in the two Upper Creek towns reported in 1832-33 under variations of the same name. One of these had 126 Indians, the other 306. A Spanish census of 1738 gives 120 warriors for the southern division and the Osochi and Okmulgee together. In 1750 there were reported only 20 Chiaha warriors, and in 1760 there were 160, while we have the figure 120 repeated in the roll of 1761. Marbury, in 1792, gives 100 Chiaha and Apalachicola together, and finally the census of 1832-33 returned a Chiaha population, exclusive of the northern towns above mentioned, of 381. Hawkins states that there were 20 families in Hotalgi-huyana near the end of the eighteenth century, but in 1821 Young gives a population of 210, and the rather excessive figure of 670 for the Chiaha Indians.

CHICKASAW

A tribe whose home from some time in the prehistoric past was in the northeastern part of what is now the State of Mississippi between the heads of the Tombigbee and Tallahatchie Rivers. They were found in this region by De Soto in December 1540, and his forces remained in one of their towns from about Christmas until spring. On the morning of March 4, the Chickasaw made a sudden attack upon their unwelcome guests, fired the town, and might have put an end to the expedition there and then had they not been seized with an unaccountable panic. The shattered army moved to a smaller settlement half a league to a league away and was able to put itself in sufficiently good condition to repel a second attack 8 days later. On the 25th or 26th they left the Chickasaw, and it may be said that the first experience of white men with this tribe fully justified its later reputation as a fighting nation. The Napochies with whom the Coosa were at war in 1560 were probably the Napissa mentioned by Iberville in 1699 as a tribe which had