united with the one under consideration. Henry Woodward, in the account of his visit to the Westo in 1674, mentions this tribe among others, and in 1698 Colonel Welch opened communications with them and was quickly followed by many English traders through whom the tribe was enlisted in the British interest, though at an early period there was a small French faction. Shortly before 1715 this tribe and the Cherokee together drove part of the Shawnee from Cumberland Valley and in 1745 another band of Shawnee was expelled by them. We learn from French writers that the Chickasaw, under inspiration from British slave traders, were responsible for much of the disturbance along the lower Mississippi. They were charged with responsibility for raids on the Acolapissa, Chawasha, and Yazoo, and are hardly to be cleared of part responsibility for the Natchez uprising. In 1732 they cut to pieces an Iroquois war party which had invaded their country. In 1736 the French made a great effort to put an end to their capacity as trouble-makers by a concerted attack from the north and the south, but the French forces -the former consisting of 140 whites and 300 Indians from the Illinois post under Pierre d'Artaguette, and the latter of 500 French and a great number of Choctaw under the immediate command of Bienville-were attacked and defeated separately, the Illinois troops at the town of Hashuk-humma and Bienville himself in a battle before Ackia. In 1740 Bienville prepared a more formidable expedition, which came together on the Mississippi, but, as he was unable to provision it successfully, it soon dispersed. A fragment of this force under the Canadian Céloron did, however, advance into the Chickasaw country and obtain a most advantageous peace treaty from the Indians, then under the impression that it was but an advance guard of the huge force that had been assembling. Nevertheless, with the retirement of the French the treaty became practically a dead letter, and the Chickasaw continued their attacks on French voyagers along the Mississippi as before. However, they lost heavily themselves in various contests, 60 men, it is said, in the battle of Ackia alone, and at times talked of moving over into the Creek country. In fact, a Chickasaw town named Ooe-ása (probably Wiha asha, "home of emigrants") was established there on a creek called Caimulga. It was abandoned before 1772, but we learn that during the latter year an attempt was made to reestablish it, with what success is uncertain. Another band of Chickasaw settled about 1723 under a chief called the Squirrel King on the South Carolina side of Savannah River near old Fort Moore. In January, 1739, the land on which they had settled was deeded to them. In 1749 smallpox broke out among them and before 1757 white encroachments impelled most of them to move across the river to New

Savannah, though some evidently stayed on the South Carolina side. The Squirrel King was succeeded by a man named Succatabee. The Indians probably abandoned both sites just before the Revolution, and in 1783 their lands in South Carolina were confiscated by that State. In 1791 they petitioned to have them restored, but this was disallowed the year following, and although in 1795 they sent a memorial to the Congress of the United States to justify their claim, evidently nothing was done about it. From statements by Hawkins, we know that during their retreat, they first fell back to the Chattahoochee to be near their friends the Kasihta and then returned after a time to their own people in Mississippi.

In 1752 and 1753 the Chickasaw defeated Benoist and Reggio during their ascent of the Mississippi River. Shortly after this must have occurred the last war with the Cherokee, which culminated in the Chickasaw victory at Chickasaw Old Fields about the year 1769. In 1786 official relations with the United States Government began when, by the Treaty of Hopewell, their northern boundary was fixed at the Ohio. In 1793-95 there was a war with the Creeks remarkable for a signal victory won by 200 Chickasaw over 1,000 Creeks, who had invaded their country and attacked a small stockade. By this time pressure from white settlers was increasing, and the Chickasaw made successive cessions of land in 1805, 1816, and 1818. Finally, by the provisions of a treaty concluded October 20, 1832, they yielded up the rest of their territories east of the Mississippi and removed to the southern part of the then Indian Territory. The actual removal extended from 1837 to 1847. They were then placed upon the western section of the Choctaw reservation, and in 1855 this was separated and given to them and there they established a government of their own which lasted until merged into the State of Oklahoma.

The only sketch of a Chickasaw Indian that has come down to us from early times is the one here reproduced from Romans (pl. 13, fig. 2). Plate 14, figure 1, is of George Wilson, an informant of the writer and plate 14, figure 2, is the home of another informant, Mose Wolf, at Steedman. Plate 15 shows the last Chickasaw Council House, later the Court House of Johnston County at Tishomingo, Okla.

Chickasaw population.-In 1693 Tonti estimated that the Chickasaw had 2,000 warriors. In 1699 the missionary De Montigny stated that they occupied 350 cabins, a figure which another missionary, De la Vente, writing in 1704, doubles, equating them with the Choctaw. In 1702 Iberville estimates 2,000 families, but the rather careful enumeration made by the Colony of South Carolina in 1715 reported 6 villages, 700 men, and a total population of 1,900. This agrees very well with the figures given by Bienville in 1722-23, 6 or 7 villages and 800 men. A South Carolina public document of 1747

states that they had been reduced to 200-300 warriors, but the usual figure for the latter part of the eighteenth century is 500. This is given in the Georgia Colonial Records for the year 1739, and by John Stuart in 1764. Adair reports 450 for this period, an anonymous French writer 560, and Capt. Thomas Hutchins and Colonel Bouquet in 1764, 750. Lower figures are ventured by Rev. Elam Potter, 300400 warriors in 1768, and 250 by Romans in 1771. In 1780 Purcell estimated 575 warriors and a total population of 2,290 which Schermerhorn (1814) increases to 3,500, Morse (1817) to 3,625, and Gen. Peter B. Porter (1829) to 3,600. A report reproduced by Schoolcraft, which is dated 1833, gives 4,715. In 1836 we begin to have estimates made by the United States Indian Office which indicates surprising uniformity down to the present time, allowing for intermarried whites and freedmen. They never drop as low as 4,000 nor rise much higher than 5,500. In 1919 there were reported 5,659 by blood, 645 intermarried, and 4,652 freedmen. Mooney's estimate for the Chickasaw population in the year 1650 is 8,000; my own for 1700 is 3,000–3,500.

CHILUCAN

This tribe is mentioned in an enumeration of the Indians in Florida missions made in 1726. There were then 70 individuals belonging to it at the Mission of San Buenaventura and 62 at that of Nombre de Dios. They were probably related to one of the better-known Florida groups, and it is not unlikely that the word "Chilucan" is from the Creek chiloki meaning "people of a different speech." Since San Buenaventura is said to have been occupied by Mocama Indians, "all old Christians," it is probable that these Chilucan were remnants of the old Timucua population of Cumberland Island.

CHINE

A tribe associated in 1675 with two others called Caparaz and Amacano, in a doctrina known as San Luis on the seacoast of the Apalachee country. The name seems to have been in reality that of a chief of a body of Chatot Indians (q.v.). Later they may have removed into the Apalachee country for a list of missions dated 1680 includes one called San Pedro de los Chines.

Chine population. Their village and the villages of the other two tribes mentioned above contained 300 people in all.

CHITIMACHA

A tribe about Grand Lake, La., and between Bayou Lafourche, Bayou La Teche, and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They first appear as one of four tribes with which Iberville made an alliance

in 1699 when the first permanent French establishment on the Gulf coast was instituted. Early references associate with their name that of a tribe called Yakna-Chitto, "Big Country," a term which may have been applied to part of the same people or to the Atakapa. In 1702 St. Denis is said to have undertaken an expedition against these Indians in order to procure slaves and, according to Pénicaut, who is our sole authority as to the identity of the tribe attacked, he brought away 20 women and children. As soon as Bienville learned of this, he ordered the captives to be restored to their people but "these orders were badly executed."

In August 1706, the Taensa invited the Chitimacha and YaknaChitto to come to eat the corn of the Bayogoula after they had destroyed the latter, but those who accepted the invitation were treacherously attacked and enslaved. Late the same year, a Chitimacha war party, disappointed in an attempted revenge for this outrage, discovered the missionary St. Cosme and 3 other Frenchmen encamped by the Mississippi and killed them, and on receiving word of this Bienville induced all the nations along the Mississippi to declare war on this tribe. In 1707 one of their villages was surprised and destroyed by an allied force of French and Indians. Although we hear of no other expeditions aimed directly against the Chitimacha, who retired into the remoter parts of their country behind a network of bayous, many were captured and sold among the colonists as slaves. On their side, the Chitimacha occasioned great annoyance to the settlers on the Mississippi and this induced Bienville to make peace with them. It was effected in the latter part of the year 1718 and Du Pratz supplies us with a long account of the ceremonies. In 1719 part of them removed to the banks of the Mississippi, where they continued to reside for a long period about the upper end of Bayou Lafourche and as far north as the present Plaquemine. Pénicaut speaks as if all moved there, but it is probable that only part of the nation was involved-the Mississippi band that is mentioned by a number of later writers. In 1784 Hutchins tells us that there was a village of about 27 warriors on the Lafourche and 2 others on the Teche, 1 under Fire Chief (often known as Mingo Luak), 10 leagues from the sea; the other under Red Shoes, a league and a half higher up. The last of the Mississippi band appear to have settled finally near Plaquemine, where a few years ago there was a single survivor. There seem to have been more villages among the western Chitimacha than the 2 mentioned, but all steadily declined in numbers and were as steadily encroached upon by the whites until their land was entirely occupied. The few survivors live at Charenton on Bayou Teche. In 1882 Dr. A. S. Gatschet collected a considerable vocabulary of the language at this place, and I obtained

some notes regarding the customs and legends of the people in 1907, 1908, and during later visits. A much more complete study has been made since by Dr. Morris Swadesh. The old chief, Benjamin Paul, who supplied most of the information to me and also to Dr. Gatschet and Dr. Swadesh, is now dead and the language nearly extinct. Benjamin Paul is shown in plate 16 and two of the other older Chitimacha, Registe Dardin and his wife, in plate 17.

Chitimacha population.—In 1699 La Harpe estimated that there were 700-800 warriors in the tribe. In 1758 De Kerlérec reported 80 warriors in the Mississippi band, and in 1784 Hutchins reported 27 in the same. The census of 1910 returned 69, and the census of 1930, 51.

CHOCTAW

This seems to have been the largest tribe in the Southeast next to the Cherokee, although the Creek Confederation taken together may have equaled or surpassed it at times. Their first appearance in history is in the De Soto narratives, though not under the name by which we now call them. After leaving the ruins of Mabila, the Spanish army marched toward the north and came to a river and chief which, according to Ranjel, bore the name Apafalaya, while Elvas calls the province Pafallaya. These are evidently forms of the Choctaw name Pa'sfalaya, meaning "Long Hair," which Adair tells us was applied to this tribe because the men, unlike those of many of the surrounding people, allowed their hair to grow at full length. From these narratives it is also evident that the tribe was already in the country with which it was later associated. In 1675 Bishop Calderón speaks of "the great and extensive province of the Chacta which includes 107 villages" (Wenhold, 1936, p. 10). Though the name appears in some later documents belonging to the seventeenth century, including Lieutenant Matheos' letter to Governor Cabrera in 1686 and Marcos Delgado's narrative of the same year, we hear little more of the tribe until 1699 when the French settled Louisiana. The Choctaw immediately became all important to this colony, since they lay like a bulwark between it and the English and their allies. It is true that Carolina and Virginia were a considerable distance off, but they had had the start of Louisiana, and traders from both colonies had pushed their way to the Mississippi. They established themselves firmly with the Chickasaw and much of the time enlisted the Creek Indians in their interest. Indeed, for a considerable period there was a strong English faction among the Choctaw themselves, including many towns in the western division of the tribe and part of the Sixtown Indians, whereas four of the Sixtowns-the Chickasawhay, Okalusa, Ayanabe, Youane-and the Coosa Indians supported the French. Among the towns in the English inter