MONACAN

A tribe, or confederation of small tribes, on James River, Va., between the falls and the mouth of the Rivanna, the name being often extended to include the Saponi and Tutelo on the higher reaches of the two rivers. They were first noted by the Virginia colonists in 1607, and the following year Captain Newport visited two of their towns. The village nearest the falls was known as Mowhemcho and is the one to which the term Monacan is usually applied. By 1670 it is probable that the people of the two other settlements, Massinacack and Rassawek, had concentrated here. In 1699 part of the area was occupied by Huguenots, but a Monacan town continued in the neighborhood and is mentioned by the Swiss traveler Michel in 1702. Their name does not appear in the list of tribes stationed at Fort Christanna, but there is little reason to doubt that they joined those Indians when they moved to New York and established themselves among the Iroquois.

Monacan population.-In 1669 they had 30 bowmen, or about 100 souls. Mooney estimates 1,500 in the year 1600, including the Tutelo and Saponi.

MONETON

In 1671 Batts and Fallam came upon "oldfields" of this tribe west of the Blue Ridge in Virginia, and later met some of the Indians themselves in the Tutelo town, but the only white man to visit their village was Gabriel Arthur in 1674. Then they seem to have been living on Kanawha River, W. Va. Whether they afterward joined the Tutelo, as seems most probable, or moved farther west is unknown.

Moneton population.-Arthur speaks of the town as "great" and says that "a great number of Indians belong unto it." That is all of the information we have as to its size.

MORATOK

An Algonquian tribe called Moratok has recently been noted as located in 1585-86 on Roanoke River, N. C. (Mook, 1943 a).

See Quinipissa, page 176.

MUGULASHA

MUKLASA

This was a town affiliated probably either with the Alabama Indians or the Koasati. It makes its appearance on the lower course of the Tallapoosa in 1675, but after 1799 we lose sight of it, though it probably continued in the same region until the Creek War, when the

people are reported to have removed to Florida in a body. Gatschet speaks of a town of the name in the Creek Nation in Oklahoma, but I could learn nothing about it in my several visits to the Creeks. Muklasa population.-The following estimates of the number of warriors are given: 50 in 1760, 30 in 1761, and 30 in 1792.

MUSKOGEE

This is the name of a group of tribes speaking the language ordinarily known as Creek and constituting the dominant element in the Creek or Muskogee Confederation. It included the Kasihta and Coweta, themselves supposed, traditionally, to have resulted from the fission of a single body; the Coosa and their descendants, or supposed descendants-the Okfuskee, Otciapofa, and Tulsa; the Abihka; Hothliwahali; Hilibi; Eufaula; Wakokai; Atasi; Kolomi; Fus-hatchee; Kan-hatki; Wiwohka; Kealedji; Pakana; Okchai; and Tukabahchee. There is some reason to think that the Fus-hatchee, Kan-hatki, and perhaps the Kolomi were subdivisions of the Hothliwahali; the Wakokai and Kealedji may also have been separated from some of the larger divisions at a late period; and the Wiwohka appear to have arisen from colonists of miscellaneous origins. On the other hand, there is reason to suppose that the Tulsa may have become connected with the Coosa very recently. When we first hear of them, Muskogee tribes were the predominant, and almost the sole, people on the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers and about Augusta, Ga.; they were dominant apparently on the Georgia coast; and there seems to have been a tribe of this connection on Flint River, with perhaps another on the Tennessee. The Confederation evidently existed in some form at that time. Later the tribes of this group continued as the dominant element on the Coosa and Tallapoosa, while the easternmost bands concentrated on the Chattahoochee River about and below the falls. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, a large part of these last moved over to the Ocmulgee to be near English traders, but after the Yamasee War (1715), they retired to their former settlements and remained there until all emigrated to the west of the Mississippi. In Indian Territory, later Oklahoma, the Confederation took on a new form as the Creek Nation, and preserved its identity until 1907, when the Creek population was theoretically merged in the general population of Oklahoma. The rest of the history of the Muskogee is included in that of the constituent tribes.

A number of Muskogee Indians, most of them prominent men, are shown in plates 29 to 37. Plate 29 is the well-known picture of Tomochichi and his nephew Tonahowi, who played such a part in the founding of Georgia, and plate 30 is from the painting showing Tomochichi's meeting with Oglethorpe in England. The small Yamacraw tribe to which they belonged were probably connected with the

Hitchiti-speaking group rather than the true Muskogee, but we cannot well differentiate them. Plate 31, figure 1, reproduces the sketch of a Creek war chief by Romans, and plate 31, figure 2, is taken from the frontispiece to Bartram's "Travels" (1792). Plates 32 and 33 are from sketches by Trumbull showing Creek Indians who met Washington at New York in 1790. Plate 32, figure 1, shows the chief of the Kasihta band, and plate 32, figure 2, the chief of the Tulsa division. The Creeks shown in plate 33 were not particularly distinguished. Plate 34, figure 1, is from Catlin and shows an Indian of the famous Perryman family of Okmulgee. Plate 34, figure 2, is the only known picture of Opothleyoholo, the greatest man that the Creeks produced and still cherished as the national hero. Plate 35, figures 1 and 2, are from paintings of Opothleyoholo's great antagonist, William McIntosh, martyr or traitor as one may choose to regard him, the first by King in McKenney and Hall's collection and the other by Washington Allston, in the State Capitol at Montgomery, Ala. Whether he was or was not too good a friend to the white men to have been the perfect friend to his own people may still be a matter of discussion. Another friend of the whites was Timpoochee Barnard, chief of the Yuchi, shown in plate 36, figure 1. The Creeks shown in plate 36, figure 2, and plate 37 were for the most part men of mark in the troublous transition period in the first half of the nineteenth century. Plates 37 and 37 show the older and later council house of the tribe at Okmulgee, Okla.

Muskogee population.-The number of warriors and hunters in the Muskogee towns in the Creek Confederation is given as 1,660 out of 2,063 in the Spanish census of 1738; 945 out of 1,263 in the French census of 1750; 2,620 out of 3,605 in 1760; 1,385 out of 2,160 in 1761; 1,130 out of 1,185 in 1772; 2,850 out of 3,605 in 1792; and in the census of 1832-33, a total Muskogee population of 17,939 was returned out of 21,733. (See Timucua.)

NABEDACHE

This name (properly Nabahydache) in its older form seems to have referred to salt and this is also the meaning of the name Naguatex (equivalent to English Nawatesh), which appears in the De Soto chronicles as that of a tribe living on Red River near the present Shreveport. One or more towns of Nawatesh also appear in later times alongside of the Nabedache proper, and they may have had different origins, but this is not believed to have been the case. At the end of the seventeenth century, the Nabedache proper was one of the tribes of the Hasinai Confederation, and their principal village was 3 or 4 leagues west of Neches River near Arroyo San Pedro, at a site close to the old San Antonio Road. La Salle passed through this village in 1686, and the next year Joutel found another allied with it

15 leagues to the northeast. It appears often in the journals of later French and Spanish writers. De Leon visited the tribe in 1690, and Massanet and Capt. Domingo Ramon founded in the Nabedache village the first Texas mission, San Francisco de los Texas. A few months later the second, Santisima Nombre de Maria, was established nearby. In 1693 the mission was abandoned and, when it was restored in 1716, it was placed near the Neche village on the other side of the river. In 1751 the Nabedache took part in a gathering held for the purpose of killing all Spaniards in eastern Texas, but the French commandant at Natchitoches, St. Denis, prevented the execution of the design. In 1778 or 1779 they suffered from a serious epidemic and not long afterward moved higher up Neches River. In the nineteenth century, they shared the fate of the other Caddo tribes and ultimately all moved to Oklahoma, where their descendants now live.

Nabedache population.-De Mézières reported 30 men of the Nabedache in 1777-79, Morfi, about 1783, stated that there were less than 40; but Sibley's estimate in 1805 doubles this figure. An estimate made between 1818 and 1820 gave 30 warriors and a total population of 130.

NACACHAU

One of the constituent tribes of the Hasinai Confederation, whose village stood at the end of the seventeenth century just north of that of the Neche and on the east side of Neches River. According to Domingo Ramon, it was in their village that the Mission of San Francisco de los Texas was placed when it was restored in the year 1716. It soon came to be called San Francisco de los Neches, and the Nacachau were probably absorbed in the Neche tribe.

Nacachau population.-No figures are available.

NACANISH

This tribe appears in the De Soto narratives as Lacane (Elvas), Lacame (Biedma), and Guancane (Garcilaso). The Spaniards under Moscoso encountered them in 1542 in northwestern Louisiana or northeastern Texas, southwest of the present Shreveport. The French and Spaniards heard of them about 1690 when they were located on the stream now called Naconicho Bayou. The name is also given as Nacao. The Mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was established for this tribe jointly with the Nacogdoche, July 9, 1716. Soon after this time they may have moved farther west, since La Harpe, in 1719, reported that their villages lay north of those of the Hainai. By 1760 they had concentrated on Trinity River, but remained near the other Hasinai and partook of their fortunes. The Nacono, who were on Neches River in 1691 opposite the Nechaui, may have been a branch of the same tribe.

Nacanish population.-No separate figures are available.

NACOGDOCHE

This tribe may possibly be the Naçacahoz or Naquiscoça, of Elvas, met by De Soto's companions in 1542. When the Spaniards entered their country in the seventeenth century, they found the tribe living approximately on the site of the present city which bears their name. They are certainly noted in 1691 by Jesus Maria under the name Nazadachotzi. In July 1716, the Franciscans of Zacatecas established their first Texas mission, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in the Nacogdoche main village to serve them and the Nacanish. It was abandoned in 1719, reestablished in 1721, and finally abandoned in 1773. In 1779 some Spaniards, who had formerly been at Adaes and later on the Trinity, settled here and founded the modern town. During the middle of the eighteenth century, the tribe was under a noted chief named Chacaiauchia. By 1752 their town had been removed some 3 leagues farther north, about 1781 Morfí locates them on the Attoyac, and in 1809 Davenport placed the "Nacogdochitos" on Angelina River, 5 leagues north of Nacogdoches, while a Spanish map of 1795 to 1819 places the "Nacodoches" on the east side of the Angelina about half way between Nacogdoches and the Sabine River. Their subsequent history is that of the Caddo as a whole.

Nacogdoche population.-In 1721 Aguayo gives the total population as 390. In 1733 two chiefs belonging to the tribe went to Adaes with 60 warriors, presumably their own people. In 1752 they were reported to consist of 11 rancherias containing 52 warriors besides many youths nearly able to bear arms. In 1778 a band of "Nacogdochitos" is reported living on the Attoyac and numbering 30 families. A census taken in 1790, as reported by Gatschet, gave 34 men, 31 women, 27 boys, and 23 girls. In 1809 Davenport reported 50 men belonging to his "Nacogdochitos." An estimate printed in 1818-20 gave 50 men and a total population of 150. Later estimates are evidently exaggerated.

NACONO

A tribe of the Hasinai Confederation located in 1691 southeast of the Neche and Nabedache and, as appears from a later writer, 5 leagues from the Neche. They were one of the tribes served by the Mission of San Francisco de los Texas, founded in 1716. Only a few doubtful references are made to them after this date. Their subsequent fortunes were the same as those of the remaining Caddo. Nacono population.-One hundred Indians from this tribe visited the Neches River in 1721. That is the only figure we have which throws any light upon their numbers.