Tobias Fitch speaks of "the Lun-ham-ga Town in the Abecas," which may have been still another out-settlement.

Abihka population.-Only one town, Abihkutci, is given in the census lists prior to 1832, and for these only the gun-men, warriors, or hunters are returned, as follows:

The United States Census taken in 1832-33 returned 378 Indians in Abihkutci, 191 in Kan-tcati, 334 in Talladega, and 175 in Kiamulgatown.

ACOLAPISSA

In 1699 this tribe was living on Pearl River, about 4 leagues (11 miles) from its mouth. It was said to occupy 6 villages, and the statement is added that the Tangipahoa (q. v.) had formerly constituted a seventh. When these people were visited by Bienville in the winter of 1699-1700, he learned that they had been attacked 2 days before by some English slave hunters at the head of 200 Chickasaw. In 1702 (or 1705) they moved to Bayou Castine on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, and 6 months later the Natchitoches (q. v.), whose crops had been ruined, came to St. Denis, then in command of the Mississippi fort, and were settled by him beside the Acolapissa. In 1714, however, when he attempted to take them back to their own country, the Acolapissa attacked them and killed 17, besides capturing 50 women and girls, most of whom were restored later. In 1718, or at least before 1722, the Acolapissa removed to the Mississippi River to be near New Orleans and settled on the east side 13 leagues (about 35 miles) above it. In the year last mentioned they were visited by Father Charlevoix, who gives a considerable description of them and says that the house of their chief was 36 feet in diameter, 6 feet more than that of the Natchez Great Sun. A little higher up the river they had had a small village, then abandoned. In their old town was a temple and this was rebuilt after they moved to the Mississippi, as we know from the sketch of it made by A. de Batz in 1732 and most fortunately recovered by the late D. I. Bushnell, Jr. From what an officer with M. de Nouaille tells us 7 years later, it is evident that this tribe and the Bayogoula and Houma, who had settled near by, were gradually becoming amalgamated. He prefers to call them all Acolapissa, or "Colapissas," but the name of the Houma had the greater survival value, and the consolidated tribes appear at about this point under that name for a considerable period. The Acolapissa and Bayogoula seem to have combined first, and later to have united with the Houma (q. v.).

Acolapissa population.-In 1699 Bienville gave the number of Acolapissa warriors as about 150, but La Harpe places it at 300. Iberville's census of families made in 1702 assigns 250 to this tribe, and Charlevoix in 1722 says there were 200 warriors. In 1739 the Acolapissa, Bayogoula, and Houma together were reported to have 90-100 warriors and a total population of 270-300. After that all are called Houma. Mooney's estimate of this tribe as of the year 1650 is 1,500, including the Tangipahoa, and is, if anything, somewhat too high The mixed-blood group still bearing the Houma name locally evidently formed the bulk of the 1,089 Indian population of Louisiana according to the census of 1930, whose tribal affiliations were not reported, since 899 of them were in Terrebonne Parish.

ACUERA

A Timucua tribe probably located along the upper course of Ocklawaha River, Fla. It appears first in the De Soto narratives, and Garcilaso de la Vega identifies it with the province of Ocale where the Spaniards sojourned for a month in the summer of 1539, but Ranjel, who may usually be relied upon, speaks of it as a province to which they sent for corn while they were staying at Ocale, and Gallegos reported to De Soto that Acuera and Ocale were 2 days' journey apart. After the Spaniards settled in Florida permanently, we hear of an encounter between Acuera Indians and members of an expedition sent from Havana in 1604. The Governor of Florida had some difficulty in overcoming the effects of this, but by 1655 two missions, San Luis and Santa Lucia, had been established in the Acuera country. As we do not hear of these again, it may be assumed that they were given up in consequence of the Timucua rebellion in 1656.

Acuera population.-No figures seem to have come down to us.

ADAI

A Caddo tribe living when first discovered by Europeans near the present site of Robeline, La. There were Adai Indians at the Franciscan Mission of San Francisco de los Tejas, the first in eastern Texas, founded by Capt. Alonso de Leon and Father Damian Massanet in June 1690. In 1699 Iberville seems to have been given the name of this tribe under the form Natao. In 1717 the Mission of San Miguel de Linares was established among them. Two years later it was destroyed by the French, with Natchitoches and Caddo allies, but rebuilt in 1721, and near it was located the Presidio of Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes. For 50 years this was the capital of Texas, but presidio and mission were both abandoned in 1773. In 1778 Mézières states that the tribe was almost extinct, but Sibley reported in 1805 that there was a small settlement on Lake Macdon

near an affluent of Red River. The remnant probably combined with the other Caddo and followed their fortunes. The vocabulary of their language, fortunately preserved by Sibley, shows that it differed widely from the rest of the Caddo dialects.

Adai population.-Bienville reported 50 warriors in 1700, but twice as many in 1718. In 1721 the reestablished mission was said to serve 400 Indians. Sibley reported 20 men in 1805, but the proportion of women was much greater. In 1825 there were said to be 27. I estimate a maximum population of about 400.

See Utina, page 201.

AGUACALEYQUEN

AIS

A tribe located on Indian River, Fla. Pedro Menendez visited them in 1565 and before departing established 200 of his men on the lagoon three leagues from the Ais town. During the winter they got into difficulties with the Indians and moved south to the neighborhood of St. Lucie River, where lived the Guacata (q. v.), who were more friendly to them and acquired at this time the name of the mission, Santa Lucia. Fontaneda mentions the tribe in his Memoir. In 1570, or shortly before, there was war between the Spaniards and Ais, since we learn of peace being concluded that year. In 1597 Governor Mendez de Canço on his way from the head of the Florida Keys to St. Augustine, met the Ais chief, who had with him 15 canoes and more than 80 followers. At the chief's request, the Governor afterward sent an interpreter and two Indians to explain his wishes to the Ais Indians. When these emissaries were killed by the latter, Canço exacted a summary revenge which had an immediate quieting effect upon them. Later, trouble arose in consequence of the escape of two Negro slaves and their marriage with Ais women. They were finally recovered, however, and the Ais chief came to St. Augustine the same year with 24 warriors to offer his services against the French and English. Promise was extended that a young Spaniard would be sent to learn the Ais language, but it is doubtful if this was ever done. In 1609 the principal chief of the Ais visited St. Augustine, and several minor chiefs of the southeast coast were baptized. In 1703 an attempt was made to "reduce" these Indians to the Roman Catholic faith, though there is no evidence that it was carried through. In 1699 the Quaker Dickenson, who had been shipwrecked near Jupiter Inlet, passed through the Ais territory, and he gives a very good account of its inhabitants. Romans states that the last of the Calusa Indians, consisting of 80 families, crossed to Havana after the cession of Florida to Great Britain in 1763, but it

is probable that these consisted largely, if not entirely, of the Indians who had lived on the east coast, and among them the Ais. Adair says that the fugitives included 30 men.

Ais population.-No figures of any kind exist other than mention of the fact, above noted, that in 1597 the chief of Ais came out to meet Governor Mendez de Canço with 15 canoes and 80 Indians, and the general statement that it was the most populous tribe on the southeast coast. For this tribe, the Tekesta, and the other small tribes of that section, Mooney made an estimate of 1,000 as of 1650. It is probable that the "Costa Indians" in the missions about St. Augustine in the first half of the eighteenth century were drawn from this and the other tribes formerly living near them. In 1726, 88 of these were reported; in 1728, 52. (See references from Romans (1775) and Adair (1775) above.)

AKOKISA

This name was given by the Spaniards to the Atakapa Indians in Texas, in particular to those about Galveston and Trinity Bays and on Trinity River. The Han, whom Cabez de Vaca placed in 1528 on the eastern end of an island believed to be Galveston Island, were probably a part of these people, the name given being perhaps a synonym of an, the Atakapa and Akokisa word for "house." In 1703, according to the French traveler Pénicaut, whose dates, however, are always open to suspicion, two Frenchmen sent on an exploring expedition by Bienville returned and reported that they had reached a tribe of cannibals, and these may have been the Akokisa, though, on the other hand, they may not have gotten beyond the Atakapa proper. In 1719 a French vessel named Maréchal-d-Estées touched on this coast and landed five officers who had volunteered to refill the water casks. They encountered Indians, however, and only one of them, an ensign named Simars de Belle-Isle, escaped with his life. This man lived among the Akokisa for more than a year as a captive, and was reduced to the last stage of want and misery when a letter he had written fell into the hands of St. Denis, commandant at Natchitoches, who sent some Natchitoches Indians to rescue him and bring him to that post. Belle-Isle called the Akokisa "Caux," probably from Atakapa ko-i, "speech," or "language." He reached Natchitoches in February 1721, and passed from there to Biloxi, where Bienville enlisted him as interpreter on the Subtile, in which Bernard de la Harpe was about to set out for the Texas coast, the captain being Jean Béranger. They sailed August 17, and reached Galveston Bay 10 days later, where they opened communication with the Indians and, on their return, carried away nine of them. From these Indians Béranger took down the only vocabulary of Akokisa words now in existence. They subsequently escaped and tried to return to their

homes by land. A part probably succeeded, because the French learned from other Indians to the westward of New Orleans that such a body of Indians had passed through their territories. As early as 1747 the establishment of a mission among the Akokisa was suggested by a Spanish officer, and in 1748-49 the Mission of San Ildefonso was founded 9 miles northwest of the present Rockdale, Milam County, Tex., on the San Gabriel River, to include this tribe, the Bidai, the Deadose, and the Patiri. In 1751, after an epidemic, the Indians deserted to join the Nabedache in an expedition against the Apache. On their return, 66 families encamped near San Xavier Mission, from which they were served for some time. In 1756, in consequence of the arrest of a French trader among the Akokisa 2 years before, a presidio was established 2 leagues from the mouth of the Trinity, 50 Tlascaltec families being settled about it, and it was named San Agustin de Ahumada. About the same time the Mission of Nuestra Señora de la Luz was begun some distance south of the present Liberty. In 1764 the presidio burned down and was abandoned and the mission with it. In 1805 Sibley reported that the chief town of the Akokisa was on the west side of Colorado River, which means that a removal had taken place. It is not known whether these people finally joined their relatives in Louisiana, or united with the Bidai or Karankawa, or whether they died out in their old country, but they now disappear from the records.

Akokisa population.—In 1719–21 Belle-Isle estimated a total population of 250 and La Harpe 200, figures which seem small for a people spread over so much territory. The Spanish officer Capt. Orobio y Basterra in 1747 reported that they lived in 5 villages, and he estimated that there were 300 families, but Sibley claimed that, about 1760-70, they had in the neighborhood of 80 men, a rather close agreement with the figure given by Belle-Isle.

ALABAMA

The first encounter between these Indians and the whites was at some point in the northern part of what is now Mississippi, west or northwest of the Chickasaw, but the references are a little confusing since Biedma and Garcilaso give the name to a "province," i. e., tribe, including the occupants of a barricade-thrown across the Spaniards' way, according to Biedma, simply to try their strength-while Ranjel and Elvas bestow it upon a small village where they passed the first night after leaving the Chickasaw. They do not so designate the barricade which both, none the less, mention. At any rate, there can be little doubt that at least part of the Alabama tribe were in the region in question, and that some of them were concerned in the defense of the stockade. When next we hear of them, at the end of the seven