INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXX. TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTORS,'
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES TO WHICH

THESE INITIALS ARE SIGNED.

A. B. ANTON BETTELHEIM, DR. JURIS.

A. C. D.

{Austrian Empire

Literature and Drama.

Admiralty Administration:
British;

ALFRED C. DEWAR, CAPT. R.N. (RET.), B.LITT. (Oxon.).
Gold Medallist, Royal United Service Institution. Late of the Historical Section, Blockade; Convoy;
Naval Staff, Admiralty.

A. D. H. SIR ALFRED DANIEL HALL, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

A. E. Ev.

A. FL.

Chief Scientific Adviser and Director-General of the Intelligence Department,
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Author of The Soil; Fertilisers and
Manures; A Pilgrimage of British Farming; Agriculture after the War; etc.

ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, D.Sc., PH.D., F.I.C.

Joint-author of The Natural Organic Colouring Matters (Perkin and Everest).
Author of various papers on Colouring Matters, etc., in Proc. Roy. Soc., Journ.
Chem. Soc., etc.

ALEXANDER FLEMING, M.B., F.R.C.S.

Coronel; Dogger Bank.

Agriculture.

Botany: Chemistry of Sap
Pigments of Plants.

Director of the Department of Systematic Bacteriology in St. Mary's Hospital, Antiseptics.
London.

ALFRED FRANCIS PRIBRAM, PH.D.

Aehrenthal;
Austrian Empire: Austro-
Hungarian Foreign Policy:

Professor of Modern History in the University of Vienna. Member of the Berchtold, Count L.;
Vienna Academy of Science; etc.

Burian, R. S. von;
Charles (Emperor of Austria);
Czernin, Count.

A. G. L.

ALFRED GOODMAN LEVY, M.D., M.R.C.P.

Physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest.

{Anaesthetics.

Editor of the Electrical Press Limited. Author of The Electrical Industry; Electricity Supply: United
Electricity in Locomotion; The All-Electric Age.

ARNOLD HARTLEY GIBSON, D.Sc., M.INST.C.E., M.I.MECH. E., F.R.AE.S.
Professor of Engineering, University of Manchester; late Professor of En-
gineering, St. Andrews University. Member, Board of Trade Water Power
Committee; Hon. Secretary, Conjoint Board, Water Power Committee. Member
of the Air Ministry I.C.E. Committee. President, British Association, Section
4 1695 1921.

Kingdom.

Alaska.

{Arts and Crafts (in part).

Botany: General Morphology.

Aeronautics: Aero-Engines.

1A complete list, showing all contributors to the New Volumes (arranged according to the alphabetical order of their surnames) witk the articles signed by them, appears at the end of Volume XXXII.

A. J. G.

A. J. M.

A.-K.

COLONEL SIR ARTHUR HENRY M'MAHON, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E., C.S.I.,
F.S.A., F.L.S., etc.

Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, 1911-4. British High Com-Afghanistan.
missioner in Egypt, 1914-6. See biographical article: M'MAHON, SIR ARTHUR
HENRY.

REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., D.D.

Principal and Professor of Systematic Theology in the Scottish Congregational
College, Edinburgh. Assistant Editor of Peake's Commentary on the Bible.
SQUADRON LEADER ARNOLD JOHN MILEY, O.B.E., R.A.F.

Design Branch, Directorate of Research, Air Ministry, in charge of Seaplane
Development. Assistant Director, Air Department, Admiralty, June 1915 to
June 1916; Senior Flying Officer Naval Air Station, Felixstowe, August 1916 to
June 1917.

GENERAL MORITZ AUFFENBERG-KOMAROW.

See the biographical article: AUFFENBERG-KOMAROW, MORITZ.

Church History: Free
Churches: Presbyterian
Church of Scotland.

Aeronautics: Seaplanes.

Army: Austro-Hungarian
(in part);
Beck, Graf von;
Conrad von Hotzendorf.

Professor of Statistics in the University of London. Author of Elements of Cost of Living.
Statistics; Wages in the United Kingdom; etc.

A. P.

A. S. D.

A. S. E.

B. B.-H.

B. E. P.

B. K. L.

B. W. D.

C. A. D.

Army: United States;

(in part).

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S.A.), C.M.G. Legion of Honour. Formerly Champagne, Battles in
co-editor of The Military Historian and Economist.
SIR ARTHUR PEARSON, BT., G.B.E. (died 1921).

Chairman of the Blinded Soldiers and Sailors Care Committee. President of
the National Institute for the Blind. Author of Victory over Blindness; The
Conquest of Blindness. See the biographical article: PEARSON, SIR Arthur.
AUGUSTUS SEISS DOWNING, A.B., M.A., L.H.D., LL.D.

Assistant Commissioner for Higher Education and Director of Professional
Education, University of the State of New York.

ARTHUR STANLEY EDDINGTON, M.A., M.Sc., F.R.S.

Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy and Director
of the Observatory, Cambridge. Author of Stellar Movements and the Structure
of the Universe; Space, Time and Gravitation.

MAJOR-GENERAL BASIL FERGUSON BURNETT-HITCHCOCK, C.B., D.S.O., P.S.c.
Director-General of Mobilization and Recruiting, War Office.

GENERAL OF BRIGADE BARTHÉLEMY EDMOND PALAT.

Late French Army. Commanded a Division 1915-6. Author of La Grande
Guerre sur le front Occidental; Les Batailles d'Artois et de Champagne; and, under
the pseudonym "Pierre Lebaut court," of La Defense Nationale, 1870-1 and other
works, including a general bibliography of 1870-1.

Fellow and Lecturer in Mediæval and Modern Languages and English, Christ's Cambridge.
College, Cambridge.

CLYDE AUGUSTUS DUNIWAY, PH.D., LL.D.

President of Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. Author of Freedom of Colorado.
the Press in Massachusetts.

C. Br.

CARL BROCKHAUSEN, DR. JURIS.

C. B. C.

Professor of the Science of Administration in the University of Vienna.
WING COMMANDER T. R. CAVE-BROWNE-CAVE, C.B.E., R.A.F., F.R.AE.S.,
A.M.I.MECH.E., A.M.I.N.A.

J Austrian Empire (in part);
Badeni, K.

In charge of Airship Experiments and Research at the Admiralty and the Air
Ministry. Lecturer in Airship Engineering, Imperial College of Science. Airship Aeronautics: Airships.
Member of the Aeronautical Research Committee. Formerly Engineer Officer,
R.N. Airship Pilot, 1913. In charge of Non-rigid Airship Design and Con-
struction at Kingsnorth, 1914-8.

CHARLES CAESAR HAWKINS, M.A., M.I.E.E., Assoc. AMERICAN I.E.E.

Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1914-6. Author of Small Wars; Dardanelles Campaign.
Military Operations and Maritime Preponderance; The Dardanelles; etc.

MAJOR CLAUDE EAGLES WILLOUGHBY BEDDOES, O.B.E.

Gloucestershire Regiment. Inspector of Grenade Training, G.H.Q., Great Brit

ain, 1915-8. Experimental Officer for Grenades and Trench Stores, Ministry Dogs, War (in part). of Munitions, 1915-9. Control Officer, Inter-Allied Commission of Control, 1919.

CHARLES FREDERICK CROSS, B.Sc., F.R.S.

Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Member of the firm of Cross & Bevan.
Joint-author (with E. J. Bevan) of Researches on Cellulose; Text-Book of
Papermaking.

CLARENCE HENRY HARING, B.LITT. (Oxon.), PH.D. (Harvard).

Associate Professor of History in Yale University. Author of The Buccaneers
in the West Indies in the XVII. Century; Trade and Navigation between Spain
and the Indies in the Time of the Habsburgs; etc.

CHARLES HARRISON TOWNSEND, F.R.I.B.A.

Past-Master of the Art Workers' Guild. Late Member of Council of the Royal
Institute of British Architecture. Cantor Lecturer on Mosaic.

COURTENAY J. MILL.

Financial Editor of The Times.

CARL KARSTEN.

Member of the Staff of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung.

C. L. C. CHARLES LYON CHANDLER, A.B.

C. Ll. M.

Curator of South American History and Literature in the Harvard College
Library. Manager of the Foreign Commercial Department of the Corn Exchange
National Bank of Philadelphia. Author of Inter-American Acquaintances.

CONWY LLOYD MORGAN, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.

Emeritus Professor of Psychology in the University of Bristol. Author of Behaviourism.
Animal Life and Intelligence; Instinct and Experience; etc.

C. R. W.

Reader in Malay in the University of London and in the School of Oriental
Studies, London Institution.

CLINTON ROGERS WOODRUFF, A.B., PH.B., LL.B.

Į Champagne, Battles in (in part).

Austric Family of Languages.

Attorney-at-Law. Hon. Secretary, National Municipal League. Vice-President, City Government.
American Civic Association. President, Civil Service Commission of Philadelphia.
CAPTAIN C. T. ATKINSON.

Translator of Benedetto Croce's works. Author of John of Damascus; The Song Croce, Benedetto (in part). of the Stewarts; and other poems.

D. D. T. O'C. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR DESMOND DYKES TYNTE O'CALLAGHAN, K.C.V.O., R.A.

D. P. B.

D. Y. T.

E. B. A.

Colonel Commandant, Royal Artillery. Secretary, Member and President of the
Ordnance Committee. President of the Committee on Explosives. Formerly
on the Experimental Staff at Shoeburyness.

DAVID PRESCOTT BARROWS, M.A., PH.D., LL.D.

Ammunition (in part).

President of the University of California. Professor of Education, University of
California, 1910. President, Board of Trustees, Mills College, California, 1910-7. California, University of.
Author of the Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians; A History of the Philip-
pines; etc.

DAVID YANCEY THOMAS, M.A., PH.D.

Professor of History and Political Science in the University of Arkansas. Author
of A History of Military Government in Newly Acquired Territory of the United
States. Joint-author of The South in the Building of the Nation; Studies in South-
ern History and Politics. Associate Editor of the Southwestern Political Science
Quarterly.

MAJOR-GENERAL EDWARD BAILEY ASHMORE, C.B., C.M.G., M.V.O.

Commander of the Legion of Honour. General in Command of the London Air

Arkansas.

Air Raids.

E. C. K.

E. F. B. G.

E. F. L.

E. G.-H.

E. J.

EDWARD CAMERON KIRK, D.D.S., Sc.D., LL.D.

Late Dean and Emeritus Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, Dentistry.
Dental School, University of Pennsylvania. Editor of The Dental Cosmos.

ELINOR F. B. GROGAN (Lady Grogan).

Wife of Colonel Sir Edward Grogan, Bart., C.M.G., D.S.O. Travelled and lived
for some years in the Balkans. Author of articles on Balkan subjects in the
Nineteenth Century; New Europe; etc.

EDWARD F. LAW.

Bulgaria.

Consulting Engineer. Formerly of the Armour Plate Department, Armstrong Armour Plate.
Whitworth & Co.

MAJOR EDUARD GLAISE-HORSTENAU.

Late General Staff, Austro-Hungarian Army. Now of the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna.
Formerly Staff Officer to Field-Marshal Conrad von Hötzendorf.

MAJOR ERNST JOLY.

Late General Staff, Austro-Hungarian Army. Now of the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna.
Part-author of the Austrian Official War Chronology Tables, etc.

A.7.0

Austria, Republic of:
History; Eastern European
Front Campaigns (in part).
Army: Austro-Hungarian (in
part);

Brest Litovsk, Battles
round, 1915;
Dunajec-San, Battles of the.

Assistant in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Archaeology: Greece.
Museum. Editor of the Journal of Hellenic Studies.

E. J. S.

E. K.

E. M. Ho.

E. N. S.

E. S.

EDGAR JOHNSON GOODSPEED, PH.D.

Professor of Biblical and Patristic Greek, and Secretary to the President, Chicago

University. Author of the Story of the New Testament; Index Patristicus; and Chicago, University of.
Contributor to the Atlantic Monthly.

EDWARD JOHN RUSSELL, D.Sc., F.R.S.

Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station. Author of Soil Conditions

and Plant Growth; The Fertility of the Soil; Lessons on Soil; Manuring for Higher Botany: Soil Sterilization.") Crop Production; etc.

EDWARD JAMES SALISBURY, D.Sc., F.L.S.

Lecturer in Botany and Fellow of University College, London. Hon. Secretary, Botany: Ecology.
British Ecological Society. Author of An Introduction to the Study of Plants; etc.

EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D. (Zürich), M.SC.TECH., F.I.C.

Associate Professor of Applied Chemistry, Manchester University and College Dyeing: United Kingdom. of Technology.

Secretary to the Lord Mayor of Birmingham. Joint-author (with R. H. Brazier) Birmingham.
of Birmingham and the Great War.

Emeritus Professor of History in the University of Pressburg.

E. W. MacB. ERNEST WILLIAM MACBRIDE, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.A. (Cantab.), HON. LL.D. (McGill),
F.R.S.

F. A. Cl.

Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London. Vice-Chairman of the
Eugenics Education Society. Formerly Professor of Zoology in McGill Univer-
sity, Montreal. Professor of Zoology in the Imperial College of Science and
Technology, London. Author of Textbook of the Embryology of the Invertebrata;

etc.

FREDERICK ALBERT CLEVELAND, PH.B., PH.D., LL.D.

Professor of United States Citizenship, Maxwell Foundation, Boston University. Boston.
Author of Organized Democracy; First Lessons in Finance; etc.

Superintendent, Homerton Residential School for the Deaf. Formerly Editor of
The Teacher of the Deaf. Officer of the French Academy.

F. G.-T. F. GLOERFELDT-TARP, M.A.

{Einstein, A.

Compass.

Army: Turkish;
Balkan Wars (in part).

Australia;
Canteens.

Deaf and Dumb.

Denmark (in part).

Aga Khan;
Bikaner, Maharaja of.

Bridge, Auction.

Royal Engineers. Organizer and Controller of Camouflage, British Expedition-Camouflage: Military. ary Force, France, 1916-8.

F. R. C.

F. W. E.-G.

F. W. P.

F. Y.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL F. M. RICKARD.

Royal Artillery. Chief Instructor, Artillery College, Woolwich (assisted by Ammunition (in part).
Instructional Staff, Artillery College).

FRANK RICHARDSON CANA, F.R.G.S.

Editorial Staff, 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Editorial Staff of
The Times. Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union; Problems
of Exploration; Africa; The Sahara in 1915; The Great War in Europe; etc.

FREDERICK WILLIAM EDRIDGE-GREEN, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.S.

Special Examiner and Adviser to the Board of Trade on Colour Vision and Eye-
sight. Author of The Physiology of Vision. Inventor of the Colour Perception
Spectrometer and Colour Perception Lantern-used as the Official Test of the
British Navy.

FLOYD W. PARSONS, E.M.

Founder and former Editor of The Coal Age.

ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG.

Editor of the Saturday Review. Author of With the Battle Cruisers; Mastersingers; Ireland at the Cross Roads; Christopher Columbus and the New World; 2 The Sands of Pleasure; When the Tide Turns; etc.

Abyssinia; Africa; Angola;
Belgian Congo; Cairo;
Cameroon; Cape Province;
Dahomey; Delagoa Bay;
East African Military
Operations; Egypt (in part).

Colour Vision and
Colour Blindness.

Coal: United States.

Beatty, Lord.

Denmark (in part).

Briand, A.
Deschanel, P.

Children, Laws Relating to:
United States;

Child Welfare: United States.

Engineers, Military:
United States.
Croce, Benedetto
(in part).

Asquith, H. H.; Balfour,
A. J.; Carson, Sir Edward;
Cecil, Lord Hugh; Cecil,
Lord Robert; Churchill,
Winston; Cromer, Lord;