1650 and 1660 George Fox and a few other prominent members of the Society of Friends had begun to urge the establishment of a colony in America to serve as a refuge for Quakers who were suffering persecution under the "Clarendon Code." William Penn (q.v.) became interested in the plan at least as early as 1666. For his charters of 1680-1682 and the growth of the colony under him see PENN, WILLIAM.

During Penn's life the colony was involved in serious boundary disputes with Maryland, Virginia and New York. A decree of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, in 1750, settled the MarylandDelaware dispute and led to the survey in 1763-1767 of the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland (lat. 39° 43′ 26-3′′ N.), called the Mason and Dixon line in honour of the surveyors; it acquired considerable importance later as separating the free and the slave states. In 1784 Virginia agreed to the extension of the line and to the establishment of the western limit (the present boundary between Pennsylvania and Ohio) as the meridian from a point on the Mason and Dixon line five degrees of longitude west of the Delaware river. The 42nd parallel was finally selected as the northern boundary in 1789, in 1792 the Federal government sold to Pennsylvania the small triangular strip' of territory north of it on Lake Erie. A territorial dispute with Connecticut over the Wyoming Valley was settled in favour of Pennsylvania in 1782 by a court of arbitration appointed by the Continental Congress.

counties. There is a biennial school appropriation of $15,000,000. | lower valley of the Delaware River in 1623-1681. Between In addition the district directors levy local rates which must not be greater than the state and county taxes combined. The Pennsylvania state college at State College, Center county, was established in 1855 as the farmers' high school of Pennsylvania, in 1862 became the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and received its present name in 1874 after the income from the national land grant had been appropriated to the use of the institutions; in 1909-1910 it had 147 instructors, 1400 students and a library of 37,000 volumes. Other institutions for higher education are the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia (1749), an endowed institution which receives very little support from the state; the University of Pittsburgh (1819), at Pittsburg (q.v.); Dickinson College (Methodist Episcopal, 1783), at Carlisle; Havertord College (Society of Friends, 1833), at Haverford; Franklin and Marshall (German Reformed, 1853), at Lancaster; Washington and Jefferson (Presbyterian, 1802), at Washington; Lafayette (Presbyterian, 1832), at Easton; Bucknell University (Baptist, 1846), at Lewisburg; Waynesburg (Cumberland Presbyterian, 1851), at Waynesburg; Ursinus (German Reformed, 1870), at Collegeville; Allegheny College (Methodist Episcopal, 1815), at Meadville; Swarthmore (Society of Friends (Hicksites), 1866), at Swarthmore: Muhlenberg (Lutheran, 1867), at Allentown; Lehigh University (non-sectarian, 1867), at Bethlehem; and for women Bryn Mawr College (Society of Friends, 1885), at Bryn Mawr; the Allentown College (German Reformed, 1867), at Allentown; Wilson College (Presbyterian, 1870), and the Pennsylvania College for women (1869), at Pittsburg. There are theological seminaries at Pittsburg, the Allegheny Seminary (United Presbyterian, 1825), Reformed Presbyterian (1856), and Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian, 1827); at Lancaster (German Reformed, 1827); at Meadville (Unitarian, 1844); at Bethlehem (Moravian, 1807); at Chester, the Crozer Theological Seminary (Baptist, 1868); at Gettysburg (Lutheran, 1826); and in Philadelphia several schools, notably the Protestant Episcopal Church divinity school (1862) and a Lutheran seminary (1864), at Mount Airy. There are many technical and special schools, such as Girard College, Drexel institute and Franklin institute at Philadelphia, the Carnegie institute at Pittsburg and the United States Indian school at Carlisle (1891). Finance. The revenues of the state are derived primarily from corporation taxes, business licences, and a 5% rate on collateral inheritance. Taxes on real estate have been abolished and those on personal property are being reduced, although the heavy expenditures on the new capitol at Harrisburg checked the movement temporarily. The total receipts for the year ending on the 30th of November 1909 were $28,945,210, and the expenditure was $30,021,774. During the provincial period Pennsylvania, in common with the other colonies, was affected with the paper money craze. From 1723 to 1775 it issued £1,094,650 and from 1775 to 1785 £1,172,000 plus $1,550,000. Acts were passed in 1781, 1792, 1793 and 1794 to facilitate redemption at depreciated rates, and the last bills were called in on the 1st of January 1806. The state was also carried along by the movement which began about 1825 for the expenditure of public funds on internal improvements. On turnpikes, bridges, canals and railways $53,352,649 was spent between 1826 and 1843, the public debt in the latter year reaching the high-water mark of $42,188,434. An agitation was then begun for retrenchment, the public works were put up for sale, and were finally disposed of in 1858 (when the debt was $39,488,244) to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for $7,500,000. Under authority of a constitutional amendment of 1857 a sinking fund commission was established in 1858. Aside from a temporary increase during the Civil War (1861-65) the debt has been rapidly reduced. The constitution of 1873 and subsequent legislation have continued the commission, but the sources of revenue have been very much curtailed, being restricted to the interest on the deposits of the fund and interest on certain Allegheny Railroad bonds. The total debt on the 30th of November 1909 was $2,643,917, of which the greater part were 3 and 4% bonds, maturing on the 1st of February 1912. The sinking fund at the same date amounted to $2,652,035, leaving a net surplus in the sinking fund of $8118. The sinking fund was formerly divided among certain favoured banks in such manner as would best advance the political interests of the organization which controlled the state; but just after the reform victory in the election of 1905 the sinking fund commission instituted the policy of buying bonds at the market price, and the debt is now being reduced by that method. The financial institutions of Pennsylvania other than national banks are created by state charters limited to twenty years and are subject to the supervision of a commissioner of banking.

History. The chief features of Pennsylvania history in colonial days were the predominance of Quaker influence, the heterogeneous character of the population, liberality in matters of religion, and the fact that it was the largest and the most successful of proprietary provinces. The earliest European settlements within the present limits of the state were some small trading posts established by the Swedes and the Dutch in the

Upon William Penn's death, his widow became proprietary. Sir William Keith, her deputy, was hostile to the council, which he practically abolished, and was popular with the assembly, which he assiduously courted, but was discharged by Mrs Penn after he had quarrelled with James Logan, secretary of the province. His successors, Patrick Gordon and George Thomas, under the proprietorship of John, Thomas and Richard Penn, continued Keith's popular policy of issuing a plentiful paper currency; but with Thomas the assembly renewed its old struggle, refusing to grant him a salary or supplies because of his efforts to force the colony into supporting the Spanish War. Again, during the Seven Years' War the assembly withstood the governor, Robert Hunter Morris, in the matter of grants for military expenses. But the assembly did its part in assisting General Braddock to outfit; and after Braddock's defeat all western Pennsylvania suffered terribly from Indian attacks. After the proprietors subscribed £5000 for the protection of the colony the assembly momentarily gave up its contest for a tax on the proprietary estates and consented to pass a money bill, without this provision, for the expenses of the war. But in 1760 the assembly, with the help of Benjamin Franklin as agent in England, won the great victory of forcing the proprietors to pay a tax (£566) to the colony; and thereafter the assembly had little to contest for, and the degree of civil liberty attained in the province was very high. But the growing power of the Scotch-Irish, the resentment of the Quakers against the proprietors for having gone back to the Church of England and many other circumstances strengthened the anti-proprietary power, and the assembly strove to abolish the proprietorship and establish a royal province; John Dickinson was the able leader of the party which defended the proprietors; and Joseph Galloway and Benjamin Franklin were the leaders of the anti-proprietary party, which was greatly weakened at home by the absence after December 1764 of Franklin in England as its agent. The question lost importance as independence became the issue.

In 1755 a volunteer militia had been created and was led with great success by Benjamin Franklin; and in 1756 a line of forts was begun to hold the Indians in check. In the same year a force of pioneers under John Armstrong of Carlisle surprised and destroyed the Indian village of Kittanning (or Atiqué) on the Allegheny river. But the frontier was disturbed by Indian attacks until the suppression of Pontiac's conspiracy. In December 1763 six Christian Indians, Conestogas, were massacred by the "Paxton boys" from Paxton near the present Harrisburg; the Indians who had escaped were taken

to Lancaster for safe keeping but were seized and killed by the | vania. The Constitutional party in 1785 secured the annulment "Paxton boys," who with other backwoodsmen marched upon by the state assembly of the charter of the Bank of North Philadelphia early in 1764, but Quakers and Germans gathered America, which still retained a congressional charter; and the quickly to protect it and civil war was averted, largely by the cause of this action also seems to have been party feeling against diplomacy of Franklin. The Paxton massacre marked the close the anti-Constitutionalists, among whom Robert Morris of the of Quaker supremacy and the beginning of the predominance of bank was a leader, and who, especially Morris, had opposed the the Scotch-Irish pioneers. paper money policy of the Constitutionalists. These actions of the state assembly against the college and the bank probably were immediate causes for the insertion in the Federal Constitution (adopted by the convention in Philadelphia in 1787) of the clause (proposed by James Wilson of Pennsylvania, a friend of the college and of the bank) forbidding any state to pass a law impairing the obligation of contracts. The state ratified the Federal Constitution, in spite of a powerful opposition-largely the old (state) Constitutional party-on the 22nd of December 1787, and three years later revised its own constitution to make it conform to that document. Under the constitution of 1790 the office of governor was restored, the executive council and the council of censors were abolished, and the bicameral legislative system was adopted. Philadelphia was the seat of the Federal government, except for a brief period in 1789-1790, until the removal to Washington in 1800. The state capital was removed from Philadelphia to Lancaster in 1799 and from Lancaster to Harrisburg in 1812.

Owing to its central position, its liberal government, and its policy of religious toleration, Pennsylvania had become during the 18th century a refuge for European immigrants, especially persecuted sectaries. In no other colony were so many different races and religions represented. There were Dutch, Swedes, English, Germans, Welsh, Irish and Scotch-Irish; Quakers, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics, Lutherans (Reformed), Mennonites, Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, and Moravians. Most of these elements have now become merged in the general type, but there are still many communities in which the popular language is a corrupt German dialect, largely Rheno-Franconian in its origin, known as Pennsylvania Dutch." Before the Seven Years' War the Quakers dominated the government, but from that time until the failure of the Whisky Insurrection (1794) the more belligerent Scotch-Irish (mostly Presbyterians) were usually in the ascendancy, the reasons being the growing numerical strength of the Scotch-Irish and the increasing dissatisfaction with Quaker neglect of means of defending the province.

As the central colony, Pennsylvania's attitude in the struggle with the mother country was of vast importance. The British party was strong because of the loyalty of the large Church of England element, the neutrality of many Quakers, Dunkers, and Mennonites, and a general satisfaction with the liberal and free government of the province, which had been won gradually and had not suffered such catastrophic reverses as had embittered the people of Massachusetts, for instance. But the Whig party under the lead of John Dickinson, Thomas Mifflin and Joseph Reed was successful in the state, and Pennsylvania contributed greatly to the success of the War of Independence, by the important services rendered by her statesmen, by providing troops and by the financial aid given by Robert Morris (q.v.). The two Continental Congresses (1774, and 1775-1781) met in Philadelphia, except for the months when Philadelphia was occupied by the British army and Congress met in Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania, and then in Princeton, New Jersey. In Philadelphia the second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which the Pennsylvania delegation, excepting Franklin, thought premature at the time, but which was well supported by Pennsylvania afterwards. During the War of Independence battles were fought at Brandywine (1777), Paoli (1777), Fort Mifflin (1777) and Germantown (1777), and Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge; and Philadelphia was occupied by the British from the 26th of September 1777 to the 18th of June 1778. The Penns lost their governmental rights in 1776, and three years later their territorial interests were vested in the commonwealth in return for a grant of £120,000 and the guarantee of titles to private estates held in severalty. They still own considerable property in and around Wilkes-Barré, in Luzerne county, and in Philadelphia. The first state constitution of September 1776 was the work of the Radical party. It deprived the Quakers of their part in the control of the government and forced many Conservatives into the Loyalist party. This first state constitution was never submitted to popular vote. It continued the unicameral legislative system, abolished the office of governor, and provided for an executive council of twelve members. It also created a curious body, known as the council of censors, whose duty it was to assemble once in seven years to decide whether there had been any infringements of❘ the fundamental law. The party which had carried this constitution through attacked its opponents by withdrawing the charter of the college of Philadelphia (now the university of Pennsylvania) because its trustees were anti-Constitutionalists and creating in its place a university of the state of Pennsyl

The state was the scene of the Scotch-Irish revolt of 1794 against the Federal excise tax, known as the Whisky Insurrection (q.v.) and of the German protest (1799) against the house tax, known as the Fries Rebellion from its leader John Fries (q.v.). In 1838 as the result of a disputed election to the state house of representatives two houses were organized, one Whig and the other Democratic, and there was open violence in Harrisburg. The conflict has been called the "Buckshot War." The Whig House of Representatives gradually broke up, many members going over to the Democratic house, which had possession of the records and the chamber and was recognized by the state Senate. Pennsylvania was usually Democratic before the Civil War owing to the democratic character of its country. population and to the close commercial relations between Philadelphia and the South. The growth of the protectionist movement and the development of anti-slavery sentiment, however, drew it in the opposite direction, and it voted the Whig national ticket in 1840 and in 1848, and the Republican ticket for Lincoln in 1860. A split among the Democrats in 1835, due to the opposition of the Germans to internal improvements and to the establishment of a public school system, resulted in the election as governor of Joseph Ritner, the antiMasonic candidate. The anti-Masonic excitement subsided as quickly as it had risen, and under the leadership of Thaddeus Stevens the party soon became merged with the Whigs. During the Civil War (1861-65) the state gave to the Union 336,000 soldiers; and Generals McClellan, Hancock, Meade and Reynolds and Admirals Porter and Dahlgren were natives of the state. Its nearness to the field of war made its position dangerous. Chambersburg was burned in 1862; and the battle of Gettysburg (July 1863), a defeat of Lee's attempt to invade the North in force was a turning point in the war.

The development of the material resources of the state since 1865 has been accompanied by several serious industrial disturbances. The railway riots of 1877, which centred at Pittsburg and Reading, resulted in the destruction of about two thousand freight cars and a considerable amount of other property. An organized association, known as the Molly Maguires (q.v.), terrorized the mining regions for many years, but was finally suppressed through the courageous efforts of President Franklin Benjamin Gowen (1863-1889) of the Philadelphia & Reading railroad with the assistance of Allan Pinkerton and his detectives. There have been mining strikes at Scranton (1871), in the Lehigh and Schuylkill regions (1875), at Hazleton (1897), and one in the anthracite fields (1902) which was settled by a board of arbitrators appointed by President Roosevelt; and there were street railway strikes at Chester in 1908 and in Philadelphia in 1910. The calling in of Pinkerton detectives from Chicago and New

William van Hulst

Peter Minuit

York to settle a strike in the Carnegie steel works at Homestead in 1892 precipitated a serious riot, in which about twenty persons were killed. It was necessary to call out two brigades of the state militia before the disorder was finally suppressed. The labour unions took advantage of this trouble to force Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Colorado and several other states to pass anti-Pinkerton statutes making it illegal to import irresponsible armed men from a distance to quell local disturbances. On the political side the chief features in the history of the state since 1865 have been the adoption of the constitution of 1873, the growth of the Cameron-Quay-Penrose political machine, and the attempts of the reformers to overthrow its domination. The constitution of 1838, which superseded that of 1790, extended the functions of the legislature, limited the governor's power of appointment, and deprived negroes of the right of suffrage. The provision last mentioned was nullified by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. The chief object of the present state constitution (1873) was to prohibit local and special legislation. It increased the number of senators and representatives, created the office of lieutenant-governor, substituted biennial for annual sessions of the legislature, introduced minority representation in the choice of the higher judiciary and of the county commissioners and auditors and provided (as had an amendment adopted in 1850) for the election of all judges by popular vote. The political organization founded by Simon Cameron (q.v.) and strengthened by his son, James Donald Cameron, Matthew Stanley Quay and Boies Penrose (b. 1860), is based upon the control of patronage, the distribution of state funds among favoured banks, the support of the Pennsylvania railway and other great corporations, and upon the ability of the leaders to persuade the electors that it is necessary to vote the straight Republican ticket to save the protective system. Robert E. Pattison (1850-1904), a Democrat, was elected governor in 1883 and again in 1891, but he was handicapped by Republican legislatures. In 1905 a Democratic state treasurer was elected.

PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNORS.
Under Dutch Rule (1624-1664).1

Cornelis Jacobsen Mey.

George Bryan
Joseph Reed
William Moore
John Dickinson
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin

Thomas Mifflin
Thomas McKean
Simon Snyder
William Finley
John A. Shulze
Joseph Heister
George Wolf
Joseph Ritner
D. R. Porter
F. R. Shunk
W. F. Johnston 5
William Bigler

1624-1625 James Pollock
1625-1626 W. F. Packer

1626-1632 A. G. Curtin

David Pieterzen de Vries

1632-1633 John W. Geary

Republican.

Wouter van Twiller

1633-1638 John F. Hartranft

1873-1879

William Kieft

1638-1647 Henry M. Hoyt

1879-1883

Peter Stuyvesant

1647-1664 Robert E. Pattison

Democrat

1883-1887

Under Swedish Rule (1638-1655).2

James A. Beaver

Republican

1887-1891

Robert E. Pattison

Democrat

1891-1895

Peter Hollender

1641-1642

1895-1899

John Printz

William A. Stone

1642-1653

John Pappegoya

1653-1654

Samuel W. Pennypacker

John Claude Rysingh

1654-1655

1907-1911 1911

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-For the physiography of Pennsylvania, see W. S. Tower's" Regional and Economic Geography of Pennsylvania,' in the Bulletins of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, vols. iv., v. and vi. (Philadelphia, 1904-1908); J. P. Lesley, A Summary C. B. Trego, 4 Geography of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1843); Description of the Geology of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1892-1895); and Topographic and Geologic Survey of Pennsylvania, 1906-1908 (Harrisburg, 1909). For industrial statistics see reports of the Twelfth United States Census, the Special Reports on Manufactures in 1905, by the United States Census Bureau, the annual reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States, by the United States Geological Survey, and the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture.

For the administration of the state see: The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, adopted December 16, 1873, amended November 5, 1901 (Harrisburg, 1902); S. George et al. (editors), Laws of Pennsylvania, 1682-1700, preceded by the Duke of York's Laws, 1676-1682 (Harrisburg, 1879); A. J. Dallas (editor), Executive Commissioners 1686-1688 Laws of Pennsylvania, 1700-1801 (Philadelphia and Lancaster, 1797-1801); Laws of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania Deputy-Governor. 1688-1690 of Pennsylvania; Markham of the lower counties, the present state Lloyd was deputy-governor of the province, the present state of Delaware.

1 Governors of New Netherland and of the Dutch settlements on the Delaware.

2 The Swedish colonies on the Delaware conquered by the Dutch in 1655.

4 The state was governed by a supreme executive council in 1777-1790.

Governor Shunk resigned in July 1848 and was succeeded by W. F. Johnston, president of the state senate.

Edwin S. Stuart.

John K. Tener

and Sansom Streets, on 34th Street. In a great triangular
block bounded by Woodland Avenue, Spruce Street, and 34th
Street are: the university library, which had in 1909 about
275,000 bound volumes and 50,000 pamphlets, including the
Biddle Memorial law library (1886) of 40,000 volumes, the
Colwell and Henry C. Carey collections in finance and economics,
the Francis C. Macauley library of Italian, Spanish and Portu-
guese authors, with an excellent Dante collection, the classical
library of Ernst von Leutsch of Göttingen, the philological
library of F. A. Pott of Halle, the Germanic library of R. Bech-
stein of Rostock, the Semitic library of C. P. Caspari of Copen-
hagen, the (Hebrew and Rabbinical) Marcus Jastrow Memorial
library, the ethnological library of D. G. Brinton, and several
special medical collections; College Hall, with the university
offices; Howard Houston Hall (1896) the students' club; Logan
Hall; the Robert Hare chemical laboratory; and (across 36th
Street) the Wistar institute of anatomy and biology. Imme-
diately east of this triangular block are: Bennett House; the
Randal Morgan laboratory of physics; the engineering building
(1906); the laboratory of hygiene (1892); dental hall; and the
John Harrison laboratory of chemistry. Farther east are the
gymnasium, training quarters and Franklin (athletic) field, with
brick grand-stands. South of Spruce Street are: the free
museum of science and art (1899), the north-western part of
a projected group, with particularly valuable American, Egyp-
tian, Semitic and Cretan collections, the last two being the
results in part of university excavations at Nippur (1888-1902)
and at Gournia (1901-1904); between 34th and 36th Streets
the large and well-equipped university hospital (1874); large
dormitories, consisting in 1909, of 29 distinct but connected
houses; medical laboratories; a biological hall and vivarium;
and across Woodland Avenue, a veterinary hall and hospital.
The university contains various departments, including the
college (giving degrees in arts, science, biology, music, architec-
ture, &c.), the graduate school (1882), a department of law
(founded in 1790 and re-established in 1850) and a department
of medicine (first professor, 1756; first degrees granted, 1768),
the oldest and probably the most famous medical school in
America. Graduation from the school of arts in the college is
dependent on the successful completion of 60 units of work (the
unit is one hour's work a week for a year in lectures or recita-
tions or two hours' work a week for a year in laboratory courses);
this may be done in three, four or five years; of the 60 counts:
22 must be required in studies (chemistry, 2 units; English, 6;
foreign languages, 6; history, logic and ethics, mathematics, and
physics, 2 each); 18 must be equally distributed in two or three
groups "the 19 groups include astronomy, botany, chemistry,
economics, English, fine arts, French, geology, German, Greek,
history, Latin, mathematics, philosophy, physics, political
science, psychology, sociology and zoology; and in the remaining
20 units the student's election is practically free. Special work
in the senior year of the college counts 8 units for the first
year's work in the department of medicine. College scholar-
ships are largely local, two being in the gift of the governor of
the state, fifty being for graduates of the public schools of the
city of Philadelphia, and five being for graduates of Pennsyl-
vania public schools outside Philadelphia; in 1909 there were
twenty-eight scholarships in the college not local. In the
graduate school there are five fellowships for research, each
with an annual stipend of $800, twenty-one fellowships valued
at $500 each, for men only, and five fellowships for women,
besides special fellowships and 39 scholarships.

(Philadelphia, 1801 sqq. and Harrisburg, 1802 sqq.); and The of these buildings is the law school, between Chestnut Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896 sqq.), published under an act of 1887. Some valuable information is to be found in B. A. and M. L. Hinsdale, History and Civil Government of Pennsylvania... (Chicago, 1899); and in the various editions of Smull's Legislative Handbook and Manual. For the history of penal and charitable institutions, see the Annual Reports of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities (Harrisburg, 1871 sqq.); the Annual Reports of the Committee on Lunacy (Harrisburg, 1883 sqq.); and Amos H. Mylin, Penal and Charitable Institutions of Pennsylvania (2 vols., Harrisburg, 1897), an official publication, well written and handsomely illustrated. For educational history, see N. C. Schaeffer, The Common School Laws of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1904); B. A. Hinsdale, Documents Illustrative of American Educational History (Washington, 1895); and J. P. Wickersham, History of Education in Pennsylvania (Lancaster, 1886), one of the best state histories of education. For finance and banking, see the annual reports of the state treasurer, auditorgeneral, sinking fund commissioners, and the commissioner of banking, all published at Harrisburg; An Historical Sketch of the Paper Money of Pennsylvania, by a member of the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1862); and B. M. Mead, A Brief Review of the Financial History of Pennsylvania... to the Present Time (1682-1881) (Harrisburg, 1881). The only complete history of the entire period is Howard M. Jenkins, et al., Pennsylvania, Colonial and Federal (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1903). This is especially valuable for the detailed histories of gubernatorial administrations from 1790 to 1903. The third volume contains useful chapters on education, the judiciary, the medical profession, journalism, military affairs, internal improvements, &c. S. G. Fisher, Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth (Philadelphia, 1897) contains the best short account of the colonial and revolutionary history, but it gives only a very brief summary of the period since 1783. W. R. Shepherd, History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania (New York, 1896), a detailed study of the proprietary from the political, governmental and territorial points of view, is scholarly, and gives a good account of the boundary disputes with Maryland, Virginia, New York and Connecticut. Among the older standard works are Samual Hazard, Annals of Pennsylvania from the Discovery of the Delaware, 1609-1682 (Philadelphia, 1850), an elaborate account of the early Dutch and Swedish settlements on the Delaware river and bay; and Robert Proud, History of the Pennsylvania from 1681 until after the year 1742 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1797-1798), written from the Quaker standpoint. For early literary history, see M. K. Jackson, Outline of the Literary History of Colonial Pennsylvania (New York, 1908). W. H. Egle, Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harris burg, 1877), contains trustworthy histories of individual counties by various writers. J. B. McMaster and F. D. Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788 (Philadelphia, 1888), is a useful work. For the anti-Masonic movement, see Charles McCarthy, The Anti-Masonic Party (Washington, 1903). S. G. Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896), introductory to the same author's Colony and Commonwealth, is an interesting study of the various nationalities and religions represented among the settlers of the state. For the period of Quaker predominance (1681-1756), see Isaac Sharpless, History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1898-1899), See also J. Taylor Hamilton's "History of the Moravian Church (Nazareth, Pa., 1900), vol. vi. of the Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society; Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania German Society, vols. vii. and viii. (Reading, 1897-1898); J. F. Sachse, German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, 1694-1708 (Philadelphia, 1895), and German Sectarians of Pennsylvania, 1708-1800 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1899-190f). The chief sources are the Pennsylvania Archives (first series, 12 vols., Philadelphia, 18521856; second series, 19 vols., Harrisburg, 1874-1893; and third series, 4 vols., Harrisburg, 1894-1895); Colonial Records, 16831790 (16 vols., Philadelphia, 1852); and Samuel Hazard, Register of Pennsylvania (16 vols., Philadelphia, 1828–1836). The Pennsylvania Historical Society, organized in Philadelphia in 1825, has published 14 vols. of Memoirs (1826-1895), a Bulletin of 13 numbers (1845-1847), one volume of Collections (1853), and the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, a Quarterly (1877 sqq.). There is a good account of the public archives, both printed and manuscript, in the first report of the Public Archives Commission of the American Historical Association, published in vol. ii. of the annual report of the association for the year 1900 (Washington, 1901).

PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, an American institution of higher learning, in Philadelphia, occupying about 60 acres, near the west bank of the Schuylkill river, north-east of the Philadelphia Hospital, east of 30th Street, south-east of Woodland Avenue, and south of Chestnut Street. In this irregular area are all the buildings except the Flower Astronomical Observatory (1896), which is 2 m. beyond the city limits on the West Chester Pike. The northernmost

The corporation of the university is composed of a board of twenty-four trustees, of which the governor of Pennsylvania is ex-officio president. The directing head of the university, and the head of the university faculty and of the faculty of each department is the provost-a title rarely used in American universities; the provost is president pro tempore of the board of trustees.

In 1908-1909 the university had 454 officers of instruction, of whom 220 were in the college and 157 in the department