Boyte; and afterwards commanded an Irish regiment in the | Kingdom became extinct. The estates then devolved on Freach service, and died in 1704.

He died in 1664.

William Chichester, great-grandson of Arthur Chichester and his wife Mary, only child and heiress of Henry (d. 1721), eldest son of John O'Neill of Shane's Castle.

WILLIAM CHICHESTER (1813-1883), 1st Baron O'Neill, a clergyman, on succeeding to the estates as heir-general, assumed. by royal licence the surname and arms of O'Neill; and in 1868 was created Baron O'Neill of Shane's Castle. On his death in 1883 he was succeeded by his son Edward, 2nd Baron O'Neill (b. 1839), who was member of parliament for Co. Antrim 1863-1880, and who married in 1873 Louisa, daughter of the 11th carl of Dundonald.

DANIEL O'NEILL (c. 1612-1664), son of Conn MacNeill MacFagartach O'Neill, a member of the Clanaboy branch of the family, whose wife was a sister of Owen Roe, was prominent in the Civil Wars. He spent much of his early life at the court of Charles I., and became a Protestant. He commanded a troop of horse in Scotland in 1639; was involved in army plots in 1641, for which he was committed to the Tower, but escaped abroad; and on the outbreak of the Civil War returned to England and served with Prince Rupert, being present at Marston Moor, the second battle of Newbury and Naseby. He then went to Ireland to negotiate between Ormonde and his uncle, Owen For the history of the ancient Irish kings of the Hy Neill see: Roe O'Neill. He was made a major-general in 1649, and but for The Book of Leinster, edited with introduction by R. Atkinson (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 1880); The Annals of Ulster, edited his Protestantism would have succeeded Owen Roe as chief of by W. M. Hennessy and B. MacCarthy (4 vols., Dublin, 1887-1901); the O'Neills. He joined Charles II. at the Hague, and took part The Annals of Loch Cé, edited by W. M. Hennessy (Rolls Series, in the expedition to Scotland and the Scotch invasion of England London, 1871). For the later period see: P. W. Joyce, A Short in 1652. At the Restoration he received many marks of favour History of Ireland (London, 1893), and A Social History of Ancient from the king, including grants of land and lucrative monopolies. Masters, edited by J. O'Donovan (7 vols., Dublin, 1851); Sir J. T. Ireland (2 vols., London, 1903); The Annals of Ireland by the Four Gilbert, History of the Viceroys of Ireland (Dublin, 1865), and, especiHUGH O'NEILL (d. c. 1660), son of Owen Roe's brother Art ally for Owen Roe O'Neill, Contemporary History of Affairs in Ireland, Oge, and therefore known as Hugh Mac Art, had served with 1641-1652 (Irish Archaeol. Soc., 3 vols., Dublin, 1879); also History some distinction in Spain before he accompanied his uncle, of the Irish Confederation and the War in Ireland (Dublin, 1882); Owen Roe, to Ireland in 1642. In 1646 he was made a major-John O'Hart, Irish Pedigrees (Dublin, 1881); The Montgomery MSS. The Flight of the Earls, 1607 (p. 767), edited by George Hill general of the forces commanded by Owen Roe; and after the (Belfast, 1878); Thomas Carte, History of the Life of James, Duke of death of the latter he successfully defended Clonmel in 1650 Ormonde (3 vols., London, 1735); C. P. Meehan, Fate and Fortunes against Cromwell, on whom he inflicted the latter's most severe of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donel, Earl of Tyrconnel (Dublin, 1886); Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors, with an defeat in Ireland. In the following year he so stubbornly Account of the Earlier History (3 vols., London, 1885-1890); J. F. resisted Ireton's attack on Limerick that he was excepted from Taylor, Owen Roe O'Neill (London, 1896); John Mitchell, Life and the benefit of the capitulation, and, after being condemned to Times of Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, with an Account of his Predecessors, death and reprieved, was sent as a prisoner to the Tower of O'Donnell (Dublin, 1893). For the O'Neills of the 18th century, Con, Shane, Turlough (Dublin, 1846); L. O'Clery, Life of Hugh Roe London. Released in 1652 on the representation of the Spanish and especially the 1st Viscount O'Neill, see The Charlemont Papers, ambassador that O'Neill was a Spanish subject, he repaired to and F. Hardy, Memoirs of J. Caulfield, Earl of Charlemont (2 vols., Spain, whence he wrote to Charles II. in 1660 claiming the London, 1812). The O'Neills of Ulster: Their History and Genealogy, earldom of Tyrone. He probably died in Spain, but the date of by Thomas Mathews (3 vols., Dublin, 1907), an ill-arranged and uncritical work, has little historical value, but contains a mass of traditional and legendary lore, and a number of translations of ancient The Clanaboy (or Clandeboye) branch of the O'Neills descended poems, and genealogical tables of doubtful authority. (R. J. M.) · from the ancient kings through Neill Mor O'Neill, lord of O'NEILL, ELIZA (1791-1872), Irish actress, was the daughter Claraboy in the time of Henry VIII., ancestor (as mentioned of an actor and stage manager. Her first appearance on the above) of the Portuguese O'Neills. Neill Mor's great-great-stage was made at the Crow Street theatre in 1811 as the Widow grandson, Henry O'Neill, was created baronet of Killeleagh in Cheerly in The Soldier's Daughter, and after several years in 1666. His son, Sir Neill O'Neill fought for James II. in Ireland, Ireland she came to London and made an immediate success and died of wounds received at the battle of the Boyne. Through as Juliet at Covent Garden in 1814. For five years she was an elder line from Neill Mor was descended Brian Mac Phelim the favourite of the town in comedy as well as tragedy, but in O'Neill, who was treacherously seized in 1573 by the earl of the latter she particularly excelled, being frequently compared, Essex, whom he was hospitably entertaining, and executed not to her disadvantage, with Mrs Siddons. In 1819 she married together with his wife and brother, some two hundred of his clan William Wrixon Becher, an Irish M.P. who was created a being at the same time massacred by the orders of Essex. (See baronet in 1831. She never returned to the stage, and died on ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, 1st earl of.) Sir Brian Mac Phelim's the 29th of October 1872. son, Shane Mac Brian O'Neill, was the last lord of Clanaboy, and from him the family castle of Edenduffcarrick, on the shore of Lough Neagh in Co. Antrim, was named Shane's Castle. He joined the rebellion of his kinsman Hugh, earl of Tyrone, but submitted in 1586.

his death is unknown.

In the 18th century the commanding importance of the O'Neills in Irish history had come to an end. But John O'Neill (1740-1798), who represented Randalstown in the Irish parliament 1761-1783, and the county of Antrim from the latter year till his death, took an active part in debate on the popular side, being a strong supporter of Catholic emancipation. He was one of the delegates in 1789 from the Irish parliament to George, prince of Wales, requesting him to assume the regency as a matter of right. In 1793 he was raised to the peerage of Ireland as Baron O'Neill of Shane's Castle, and in 1795 was created a viscount. In defending the town of Antrim against the rebels in 1798 O'Neill received wounds from which he died on the 18th of June, being succeeded as Viscount O'Neill by his son Charles Henry St John (1779-1841), who in 1800 was created Earl O'Neill. Dying unmarried, when the earldom therefore became extinct, Charles was succeeded as Viscount O'Neill by his brother John Bruce Richard (1780-1855), a general in the British army; on whose death without issue in 1855 the male line in the United

ONEONTA, a city in the township of the same name, in the south-central part of Otsego county, New York, U.S.A., on the N. side of the Susquehanna river, about 82 m. S.W. of Albany. Pop. (1880) 3002, (1890) 6272, (1900) 7147, of whom 456 were foreign-born, (1910, U.S. census) 9491. The city lies about 1100 ft. above sea-level. It is served by the Ulster & Delaware, by the Susquehanna division of the Delaware & Hudson, and by the Oneonta & Mohawk Valley (electric) railways. In Oneonta are a state normal school (1889), a state armoury, and the Aurelia Fox Memorial Hospital. The city is situated in a good agricultural region. The principal manufactures are machineshop products (the Delaware & Hudson has repair and machine shops at Oneonta), knit goods, silk goods, lumber and planing mill products, &c. The first settlement was made about 1780. The township was erected in 1830 from parts of Milford and Otego. Onconta was known as Milfordville until 1830, when it received its present name. It was first incorporated as a village in 1848, and was chartered as a city in 1908, the charter coming into effect on the 1st of January 1909. Onconta is derived from Onahrenton or Onarenta, the Indian name of a creck flowing through the city.

The name

See Edwin F. Bacon, Otsego County, N. Y. (Oneonta, 1902); and Dudley M. Campbell, A History of Oneonta (Oneonta, 1906).

was estimated as numbering between 1500 and 1700. During the 18th century the tribe divided, part loyally supporting the Iroquois league, while part, having come under the influence of French missionaries, migrated to the Catholic Iroquois settlements in Canada. Of those who supported the league, the majority, after the War of Independence, settled on a reservation en Grand river, Ontario, where their descendants still are. About 500 are upon the Onondaga reservation in New York state. For Onondaga cosmology see 21st Ann. Report Bureau Amer. Ethat. (1899-1900).

ONOSANDER, or ONASANDER, Greek philosopher, lived during the 1st century A.D. He was the author of a commentary on the Republic of Plato, which is lost, but we still possess by him a short but comprehensive work (Erparŋywós) on the duties of a general. It is dedicated to Quintus Veranius Nepos, consul 49, and legate of Britain. It was the chief authority for the military writings of the emperors Maurice and Leo, and Maurice of Saxony, who consulted it in a French translation, expressed a high opinion of it.

Edition by H. Köchly (1860); see also G. Rathgeber in Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie.

Speaker Onslow's nephew, GEORGE ONSLOW (1731-1792), a son of his brother Richard, was a lieutenant-colonel and member of parliament for Guildford from 1760 to 1784. He had a younger brother Richard (1741-1817), who entered the navy and was made an admiral in 1799.

ONTARIO, a province of Canada, having the province of Quebec to the E., the states of New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota to the S., Manitoba to the W., and the district of Keewatin with James Bay to the N. In most cases the actual boundary consists of rivers or lakes, the Ottawa to the north-east, the St Lawrence and its chain of lakes and rivers to the south as far as Pigeon river, which separates Ontario from Minnesota. From this a canoe route over small rivers and lakes leads to the Lake-of-the-Woods, which lies between Ontario, Minnesota and Manitoba; and English and Albany rivers with various lakes carry the boundary to James Bay. From Lake Temiscaming northwards the boundary is the meridian of 79° 30′.

Physical Geography.-Ontario extends 1000 m. from E. to W. and more than 700 m. from N. to S., between latitudes 55° and 42°, including the most southerly point in Canada. Its area is ONSLOW, EARL OF, a title borne by an English family 260,862 sq. m. (40,354 water), and it is the most populous of the claiming descent from Roger, lord of Ondeslowe in the liberty of provinces, nine-tenths of its inhabitants living, however, in oneShrewsbury in the 13th century. Richard Onslow (1528-1571), tenth of its area, between the Great Lakes, the Ottawa and the solicitor-general and then Speaker of the House of Commons St Lawrence. This forms part of the plain of the St Lawrence, in the reign of Elizabeth, was grandfather of Sir Richard Onslow underlain by Palaeozoic limestones and shales, with some sand(1601-1664), who inherited the family estate on the death of his stone, all furnishing useful building material and working up brother, Sir Thomas Onslow, in 1616. Sir Richard was a member into a good soil. The lowest part of the plain, including an area of the Long Parliament, and during the great Rebellion was a of 4500 sq. m. lying between elevations of 100 and 400 ft., was colonel in the parliamentary army. He was a member of Crom-covered by the sea at the close of the Ice Age, which left behind well's parliament in 1654 and again in 1656, and was also a broad deposits of clay and sand with marine shells. member of his House of Lords. His son, Sir Arthur Onslow (16211688), succeeded in 1687 by special remainder to the baronetcy of his father-in-law, Sir Thomas Foot, lord mayor of London. Sir Arthur's son, Sir Richard (1654-1717), was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1708 to 1710, and chancellor of the exchequer in 1715. In 1716 he was created Baron Onslow of Onslow and of Clandon. He was uncle of Arthur Onslow, the famous Speaker (see below), whose only son George became 4th Baron Onslow on the death of his kinsman Richard in October 1776. The 4th baron (1731-1814) had entered parliament in 1754, and was very active in the House of Commons; and in May 1776, just before he succeeded to the family barony, he was created Baron Cranley of Imbercourt. He was comptroller and then treasurer of the royal household, and was present at the marriage of the prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., with Mrs Fitzherbert in 1785. In 1801 he was created Viscount Cranley and earl of Onslow, and he died at his Surrey residence, Clandon Park, on the 17th of May 1814. The second earl was his eldest son Thomas (1754-1827), whose son Arthur George (1777-1870), the 3rd earl, died without surviving male issue in October 1870. He was succeeded by his grand-nephew, William Hillier, 4th earl of Onslow (b. 1853), who was governor of New Zealand from 1888 to 1892; under-secretary for India from 1895 to 1900; and under-secretary for the Colonies from 1900 to 1903. From 1903 to 1905 he was a member of the Conservative cabinet as president of the board of agriculture.

ONSLOW, ARTHUR (1691-1768), English politician, elder son of Foot Onslow (d. 1710), was born at Chelsea on the 1st of October 1601. Educated at Winchester and at Wadham College, Oxford, he became a barrister and in 1720 entered parliament as a member for the borough of Guildford. Seven years later he became one of the members for Surrey, and he retained this seat until 1761. In 1728 he was elected Speaker of the House of Commons, being the third member of his family to hold this office; he was also chancellor to George II.'s queen, Caroline, and from 1734 to 1742 he was treasurer of the navy. He retired from the position of Speaker and from parliament in 1761, and enjoyed an annuity of £3000 until his death on the 17th of February 1768. As Speaker, Onslow was a conspicuous success, displaying knowledge, tact and firmness in his office; in his leisure hours he was a collector of books.

xx 3

the Niagara escarpment, a line of cliffs capped by hard Silurian The south-western part is naturally divided into two tracts by limestones, running from Queenston Heights near the falls of Niagara west to the head of Lake Ontario near Hamilton, and then northwest to the Bruce Peninsula on Georgian Bay. The tract north-east of the escarpment has an area of 9000 sq. m. and an altitude of 400 to 1000 ft., and the south western tract includes 15,000 sq. m. with an elevation of 600 to 1700 ft. In the last petroleum, natural gas, salt and gypsum are obtained, but elsewhere in southern Ontario no economic minerals except building materials are obtained. Covering the higher parts of the south-western Palacozoic area in most places are rolling hills of boulder clay or stony moraines; while the lower levels are plains gently sloping toward the nearest of the Great Lakes and sheeted with silt deposited in more ancient lakes when the St Lawrence outlet was blocked with ice at the end of the glacial period. The old shore cliffs and gravel bars of these favourite sites for towns and cities. London, for example, is built glacial lakes are still well-marked topographical features, and provide on the old shore of Lake Warren, the highest of the extinct lakes; and St Catharines, Hamilton and Toronto are on the old shore of Lake Iroquois, the lowest. The Niagara escarpment mentioned waterfalls on all the rivers which plunge over it, Niagara Falls above, generally called "the mountain in Ontario, is the cause of being, of course, the most important; and in most cases these falls have eaten their way back into the tableland, forming deep gorges or canyons like that below Niagara itself, through which the water pours as violent rapids. Between the Palaeozoic area near Ottawa, and Georgian Bay to the north of the region just referred to, there is a southward projection of the Archaean protaxis consisting of granite and gneiss of the Laurentian, enclosing bands of crystalline limestone and schists, which are of interest as furnishing the only mines of "Old Ontario." From these rocks in the Ottawa valley are quarried or mined granite, marble, magnificent blue sodalite, felspar, talc, actinolite, mica, apatite, graphite and corundum; the latter mineral, which occurs on a larger scale here than else where, is rapidly replacing emery as an abrasive. Several metals but the amounts produced have not been great, and many of the have been mined also, including gold, copper, lead, iron and arsenic; mines are no longer working.

While all the larger cities and most of the manufacturing and farming districts of the province belong to old Ontario, there is now in process of development a "New Ontario," stretching for hundreds of miles to the north and north-west of the region just described and covering a far larger area, chiefly made up of Laurentian and Huronian rocks of the Archaean protaxis. The rocky hills of the tableland to the north long repelled settlement, the region being looked on by the thrifty farmers of the south as a wilderness useless except for its forests and its furs; and unfortunate settlers who ventured into it usually failed and went west or south in search of better land. Gradually, however, areas of good soil were opened

I a

up, in the Rainy river valley, near Lake Temiscaming and elsewhere, | and mines of various kinds were discovered, as the Canadian Pacific railway and its branches extended through the region, and at length the finding of very rich silver mines attracted world-wide attention to northern Ontario. In the better explored parts along the great lakes and the railways, ores of gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, bismuth and molybdenum have been obtained, and several important mines have been opened up. Gold has been found at many points across the whole province, from the mines of the Lakeof-the-Woods on the west to the discoveries at Larder Lake on the east; but, in most cases the returns have been unsatisfactory, and only a few of the gold mines are working. Silver mines have proved of far greater importance, in early days near Thunder Bay on Lake Superior, more recently in the cobalt region near Lake Temiscaming on the east side of the province. Silver Islet mine in Lake Superior produced in all $3,250,000 worth of silver, but this record will no doubt be surpassed by some of the mines in the extraordinarily rich cobalt district. The veins are small, but contain native silver and other rich silver ores running sometimes several thousand ounces per ton, the output being 5,500,000 oz. in 1906. Associated with the silver minerals are rich ores of cobalt and nickel, combined with arsenic, antimony and sulphur, which would be considered valuable if occurring alone, but are not paid for under present conditions, since they are difficult to separate and refine. The cobalt silver ores are found mainly in Huronian conglomerate, but also in older Keewatin rocks and younger diabase, and the silverbearing region, which at first included only a few square miles, is found to extend 25 m. to the west and as much to the north. Up to the present the most important mineral product of Ontario is nickel, which is mined only in the neighbourhood of Sudbury, where the ores occur in very large deposits, which in 1905 produced 9503 tons, more than half of the world's supply of the metal. With the nickel copper is always found, and copper ores are worked on their own account in a few localities, such as Bruce mines. Iron ores have been discovered in many places in connexion with the iron formation" of the Keewatin, but nowhere in amounts comparable with those of the same formation in Michigan and Minnesota. The total mineral output of Ontario, including building materials and cement, is larger than that of any other province of the dominion, and as more careful exploration is carried on in the northern parts, no doubt many more deposits of value will be discovered. It has been found that northern Ontario beyond the divide between the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay possesses many millions of acres of arable land, clay deposits in a post-glacial lake, like those in. the southern part of the province, running from east to west from Lake Abitibbi to a point north of Lake Nipigon. Railways are opening up this tract. The clay belt is in latitudes south of Winnipeg, with a good summer climate but cold winters. The spruce timber covering much of the area is of great value, compensating for the labour of clearing the land.

44

Lakes and Rivers.-All parts of Ontario are well provided with lakes and rivers, the most important chain being that of the St Lawrence and the Great Lakes with their tributaries, which drain the more populous southern districts, and, with the aid of canals, furnish communication by fairly large vessels between the lower St Lawrence and the Lake Superior. Lake Nipigon, a beautiful body of water 852 ft. above the sea, 70 m. long and 50 m. wide, may be looked upon as the headwaters of the St Lawrence, since Nipigon river is the largest tributary of Lake Superior, though several other important rivers, such as the Kaministiquia, the Pic and the Michipicoten, enter it from the north. All these rivers have high falls not far from Lake Superior, and Kakebeka Falls on the Kaministiquia supplies power to the twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, while the deep water of its mouth makes the great shipping port for western wheat during the summer. The north shore of Lake Superior is bold and rugged with many islands, such as Ignace and Michipicoten, but with very few settlements, except fishing stations, owing to its rocky character. At the south-eastern end St Mary's river carries its waters to Lake Huron, with a fall of 602 to 581 ft., most of which takes place at Sault Sainte Marie, where the largest locks in the world permit vessels of 10,000 tons to pass from one lake to the other, and where water-power has been greatly developed for use in the rolling mills and wood pulp industry. The north-east shores of Lake Huron and its large expansion Georgian Bay are fringed with thousands of islands, mostly small, but one of them, Manitoulin Island, is 80 m. long and 30 m. broad. French river, the outlet of Lake Nipissing, and Severn river, draining Lake Simcoe, come into Georgian Bay from the cast, and canals have been projected to connect Lake Huron with the St Lawrence by each of these routes, the northern one to make use of the Ottawa and the southern one of Trent river. The Trent Valley canal is partly in operation. Georgian Bay is cut off from the main lake by Manitoulin Island and the long promontory of Bruce Peninsula. Lakes Superior and Huron both reach depths hundreds of feet below sea-level, but the next lake in the series, St Clair, towards which Lake Huron drains southward through St Clair river, is very shallow and marshy. Detroit river connects Lake St Clair with Lake Erie at an elevation of 570 ft.; and this comparatively shallow lake, running for 240 m. east and west, empties northwards by Niagara river into Lake Ontario, which is only 247 ft. above the sea.

Niagara Falls, with rapids above and below, carry the waters of the upper lakes over the Niagara escarpment. Power from the falls is put to use in New York state and Ontario, a large amount being sent to Toronto 80 m. away. Welland canal, between Port Colborne on Lake Erie and Dalhousie on Lake Ontario, carries vessels of 14 ft. draught from one lake to the other. From Lake Ontario the St Lawrence emerges through the meshes of the Thousand Islands, where it crosses Archacan rocks, after which follow several rapids separated by quieter stretches before Montreal is reached at the head of ocean navigation. Steamers not of too great draught can run the rapids going down, but vessels must come up through the canals. All the other rivers in southern Ontario are tributaries of the lakes or of the St Lawrence, the Ottawa, navigable in many parts, being the largest, and the Trent next in importance. northern Ontario lakes are innumerable and often very picturesque, forming favourite summer resorts, such as Lake Temagami, the Muskoka Lakes and Lake-of-the-Woods. The latter lake with Rainy Lake and other connected bodies of water belong to the Hudson Bay system of waters, their outlet being by Winnipeg river to Lake Winnipeg, from which flows Nelson river. In Ontario the Albany, Moose, Missanabi and Abitibbi flow into Hudson Bay, but none of these rivers is navigable except for canoes.

In

Climate.-The climate of Ontario varies greatly, as might be expected from its wide range in latitude and the relationships of the Great Lakes to the southern peninsula of the province. The northern parts as far south as the north shore of Lake Superior have long and cold but bright winters, sometimes with temperatures reaching 50° F. below zero; while their summers are delightful, with much sunshine and some hot days but pleasantly cool nights. Between Georgian Bay and Ottawa the winters are less cold, but usually with a plentiful snowfall; while the summers are warm and sometimes even hot. The south-west peninsula of Ontario has its climate greatly modified by the lakes which almost enclose it. As the lakes never freeze, the prevalent cold north-west winds of North America are warmed in their passage over them, and often much of the winter precipitation is in the form of rain, so that the weather has much less certainty than in the north. The summers are often sultry, though the presence of the lakes prevents the intense heat experienced in the states to the west and south. Owing to the mildness of its winters, the south-west peninsula is a famous fruit country with many vine yards and orchards of apples, plums and peaches. Indian corn (maize) is an important field crop, and tobacco is cultivated on a large scale. Small fruits and tomatoes are widely grown for the city markets and for canning, giving rise to an important industry. The normal temperatures (Fahr.) for three points in the southwestern, eastern and north-western portions are given below:

Population.-The following table shows the population of the province:

1 The name given to the rural municipalities. 2 Any town in Canada can become incorporated as a city on attaining a population of 10,000.

Ontario is thus pre-eminently an agricultural province, though the growth of manufactures has increased the importance of the towns and cities, and many of the farmers are seeking new homes in the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. This emigration accounts in large measure for the slow increase of the population, though there has also been a slight decrease in the birth-rate. The population was long entirely confined to the southern and eastern sections of the province, which comprise an area of about 33,000 sq. m.; but in these districts it is now stationary or decreasing, whereas the northern and western portions are filling up rapidly. Toronto, the provincial capital, has grown from 59,000 in 1871 to about 300,000, partly through the absorption of neighbouring towns and villages. Other