season after season, it had rained balconies, hailed balconies, snowed balconies, blown balconies, they could scarcely have come into existence in a more disorderly manner." Dickens. Cortes, Plaza de las. See PLAZA DE LAS CORTES. Corykian Cave. A grotto or cavern in Greece about 300 feet long, nearly 200 feet wide, and about 40 feet in height. It contains fine stalactite and stalagmite formations. In this cave the inhabitants sought refuge when the Persians marched upon Delphi, and in the Greek revolution it again served as a retreat. The inhabitants say that this cavern which they call Σαράντ' 'Ανλαί, the Forty Courts, will hold 3,000 people.

Cosmo I. An equestrian statue by Giovanni da Bologna, called Il Fiammingo (1530-1608). In the Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy.

Costanza, Strada di. See STRADA DI COSTANZA.

Cothele House. An ancient and beautiful mansion, belonging to the Earl of Edgecumbe, one of the most interesting of the historic halls of England. It is near Plymouth.

Cotopaxi. A well-known picture by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 1826), the American landscapepainter.

"In this picture the artist represents Cotopaxi în continuous but not violent eruption; the discharges of thick smoke occur in successive but gradual jets, and, seen at a distance, the column rises slow and majestic.'

Count of Toulouse, Pilgrimage of the. A picture by Jan (or Jannyn) Gossart (d. 1532), the Flemish painter. It is now in the possession of Sir John Nelthorpe at his seat, Scawby, Lincolnshire, England. [The CannonCoup de Canon. shot.] A picture by Jan Joseph Wynand Nuyen (1813-1839), and one of his best.

Couriers of the Pasha. A picture by Jean Léon Gérôme (b. 1824), the French painter.

Course de Barberi. A famous picture by Emile-Jean-Horace Vernet (1789-1863), representing the horses setting out for the carnival race, in the Corso, Rome. Course of Empire. An allegorical painting by Thomas Cole (18011848), the American painter. Now in the Gallery of the New York Historical Society.

A

Cottage City. A name by which the village of Oak Bluffs on Martha's Vineyard is often known. It was laid out in 1868, and contains a large number of summer cottages and seashore residences.

Cottonian Library. A very valu

able collection of ancient charters, records, and other MSS., gathered by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The collection was purchased by Parliament in 1700,

A celebrated apartment in the palace of the Alhambra, in Spain, originally a Moorish cloister, and luxuriously adorned with Arabian sculptures, mosaics, and paintings. See AL

Court of Lions.

HAMBRA.

"This is the gem of Arabian art in Spain-its most beautiful and most perfect example. It has, however, two defects which take it entirely out of the range of monumental art; the first is its size, which is barely that of a modern parish church, and smaller

than many ball-rooms; the second, its materials, which are only wood cov. ered with stucco. In this respect the Alhambra forms a perfect contrast to such a building as the Hall at Karnac, or any of the greater monumental edi fices of the ancient world. But in fact no comparison is applicable between objects totally different. Each is a true representative of the feeling and character of the people by whom it was raised. The Saracenic plaster-hall would be totally out of place and contemptible beside the great temple-palace of Thebes; while the granite works of Egypt would be considered monuments of ill-directed labor if placed in the palaces of the gay and luxurious Arab fatalist, to whom the present was every thing, and the enjoyment of the passing hour all in all." Fergusson.

A

Court of the Great Mogul. most elaborate and costly trinket in the Green Vault at Dresden, consisting of some 138 figures wrought in gold, and representing the Great Mogul upon his throne surrounded by his court. Courtesan. See YOUNG COURTESAN.

Coussin Vert. See VIERGE À L'OREILLER VERD.

Coutts's Bank. An establishment

in London which has been used by the royal family since the time of Queen Anne. Covent Garden. A locality in

London, lying between the Strand and Long Acre, and which has been of much interest and celebrity for centuries. According to Strype, it was so named from the garden belonging to the large convent where Exeter House formerly stood. It was formerly occupied by taverns and coffee-houses, which were much resorted to by the wits and literary characters of the time, among whom were Addison, Butler, Sir Richard Steele, Dryden, Otway, Pope, Cibber, Fielding, Warburton, Churchill, Bolingbroke, Dr. Johnson, Rich, Woodward, Booth, Garrick, Wilkes, Macklin, Peg Woffington, Kitty Clive, Mrs. Pritchard, the Duchess of Bolton, Lady Derby, Lady Thurlow, the Duchess of St. Albans, Sir Godfrey Kneller, Sir Peter Lely, Sir

James Thornhill, Lambert, Hogarth, and Samuel Foote. See also COVENT GARDEN MARKET and COVENT GARDEN THEATRE.

"The convent becomes a play. house; monks and nuns turn actors and actresses. The garden, formal and quiet, where a salad was cut for a lady abbess, and flowers were gathered to adorn images, becomes a market, noisy and full of life, distributing thousands of fruits and flowers to a vicious metrópolis." Walter Savage Landor.

"Courtly ideas of Covent Gar den as a place with famous coffeehouses, where gentlemen wearing goldlaced coats and swords had quarrelled and fought duels; costly ideas of Cov ent Garden, as a place where there were flowers in winter at guineas apiece, pine-apples at guineas a pound, peas at guineas a pint; picturesque ideas of Covent Garden, as a place where there was a mighty theatre, showing wonderful and beautiful sights to richly-dressed ladies and gentlemen, and which was forever far beyond the reach of poor Fanny, or poor uncle; desolate ideas of Covent Garden, as having all those arches in it, where the miserable children in rags, among whom she had just now passed, like young rats, slunk and hid, fed on offal, huddled together for warmth, and were hunted about; . . . teeming ideas of Covent Garden, as a place of past and present mystery, romance, abundance, want, beauty, ugliness, fair country gardens, and foul street gutters, all confused together, made the room dimmer than it was, in Little Dorrit's eyes, as they timidly saw it from the door." Dickens.

...

ENT GARDEN and COVENT GARDEN THEATRE.

"The two great national theatres on one side, a churchyard full of mouldy but undying celebrities on the other; a fringe of houses studded in every part with anecdote and history; an arcade, often more gloomy and de serted than a cathedral aisle; a rich cluster of brown old taverns- one of them filled with the counterfeit presentment of many actors long since silent, who scowl or smile once more from the canvas upon the grandsons of their dead admirers; a something in the air which breathes of old books, old pictures, old painters, and old authors; a place beyond all other places one would choose in which to hear the chimes at midnight; a crystal palacethe representative of the present which peeps in timidly from a corner upon many things of the past; a withered bank, that has been sucked dry by a felonious clerk; a squat building, with a hundred columns and chapellooking fronts, which always stands knee-deep in baskets, flowers, and scattered vegetables; a common centre into which Nature showers her choicest gifts, and where the kindly fruits of the earth often nearly choke the narrow thoroughfares; a population that nev er seems to sleep, and does all in its power to prevent others sleeping; a place where the very latest suppers and the earliest breakfasts jostle each other on the footways, such is Covent Garden Market, with some of its sur rounding features." Thackeray.

"Such stale, vapid, rejected cabbage-leaf and cabbage-stalk dress, such damaged orange countenance, such squashed pulp of humanity, are open to the day nowhere else."

Dickens.

Covent Garden Theatre. The Italian Opera House, Bow Street, London. The first building of this name was opened by Rich, the celebrated harlequin, in 1732. The present house, the third theatre upon this spot, was constructed in 1858 for operatic performances, and is one of the largest theatres in the world. See also COVENT GARDEN and CovENT GARDEN MARKET. Coventry or Anibassadors' Club. A London club, founded about 1853, and closed in March, 1854.

"The Coventry Club was a club of most exclusive exquisites, and

was rich in diplomacy; but it blew up in admired confusion." New Quarterly Review. Cowgate, The. A well-known street in the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. It was once a fashionable quarter, now occupied only by the poorest class of inhabitants.

Cradle of Liberty. See FANEUIL HALL.

Craig-crook Castle. This pleasantly situated castle overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland, was formerly the residence of Lord Jeffrey. Craigenputtoch.

A farm in a lonely region, among granite hills and black morasses, fifteen miles north-west of Dumfries, Scotland. It was the former home of Thomas Carlyle (17951881). It was here that his first great original work, "Sartor Resartus,' was written. It was during his seclusion in Craigenputtoch also that the brilliant series of essays contributed to the Edinburgh, Westminster, and Foreign Reviews were mainly produced.

I found the house amid desolate heathery hills, where the lonely scholar [Carlyle] nourished his mighty heart." Emerson.

"In this wilderness of heath and rock, our estate stands forth a green oasis-a tract of ploughed, partly enclosed and planted ground, where corn ripens and trees afford a shade, although surrounded by sea-mews and rough-wooled sheep. Here, with no small effort, have we built and furnished a neat, substantial mansion; here, in the absence of a professional or other office, we live to cultivate literature with diligence, and in our own peculiar way. Two ponies which carry us everywhere, and the mountain air, are the best medicines for weak nerves. This daily exercise is my only dissipation; for this nook of ours is the loneliest in Britain - six miles removed from every one who in any case might visit me."

Carlyle to Goethe.

"Once, in the winter time, I remember counting that for three months there had not been any stranger, not even a beggar, called at Craigenputtoch door." Carlyle.

in

"It is stated in Lockhart's life of Scott, that the ruins of this castle excited in Scott such delight and enthusiasm, that its owner urged him to accept for his lifetime the use of a small habitable house, enclosed within the circuit of the walls."

Mrs. H. B. Stowe.

Cranes in the Vintry. See THREE CRANES IN THE VINTRY.

Crawford Notch. See NOTCH, THE.

Creation, The. A fresco in the Loggie of the Vatican, Rome, executed by Giulio Romano (1492?-1556), after a design by Raphael.

Creation of Adam and Eve. See ADAM AND EVE.

Creation of Light. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (14751564) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Creation of the World. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (1475-1564) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome.

Cremorne Gardens. A place of entertainment (a kind of Vauxhall) on the Thames near London, greatly frequented on summer evenings.

About eleven o'clock in the evening we proceed to Cremorne Gardens, a sort of Bal Mabille, and where the folly of the day is continued throughout the night. Taine, Trans. Crepuscolo, Il. See EVENING, THE. Creux du Vent. A remarkable eminence between Pontarlier in France, and Neuchâtel, Switzerland, the summit of which is hollowed into a vast cavity 1,000 feet deep, occasioning remarkable echoes. See also CAVE OF THE WINDS.

"At times the crater of the mountain is seen to become suddenly filled with a cloud of white vapor, ris

ing and falling, until the whole hollow presents the appearance of an immense caldron of boiling vapor, which seldom rises above the edge."

Latrobe.

Crichton Castle. A ruined castellated building in the county of Edinburgh, Scotland, associated with the poems of Sir Walter Scott.

Crichton, though now thy miry court
But pens the lazy steer and sheep,
Thy turrets rude, and tottered keep
Have been the minstrel's loved resort.
Marmion.

Crime pursued by Justice. See
JUSTICE AND DIVINE VENGEANCE
PURSUING CRIME.

Cripplegate. A gate in London of

great antiquity, said to have been
so called from the cripples who
congregated there to beg. It is
referred to under this name in
the early part of the eleventh
century, and was pulled down in
the latter part of the eighteenth
century. Part of the postern was
for some time used as a prison for
trespassers and debtors.

Three crooked cripples went through
Cripplegate.

And through Cripplegate went three
crooked cripples. Mother Goose.

Cristo della Monetà. See CHRIST

WITH THE TRIBUTE MONEY. Croce Greca, Sala a. See SALA

A CROCE GRECA. Croce, Santa. See SANTA CROCE. Crockford's. A famous gaming club-house in St. James's Street, London, so called from the proprietor, who began life as a fishmonger, and finally amassed an immense fortune by gambling. He died in 1844. It was opened in 1849 for the Military, Naval, and County Service Club, but was closed in 1851, and has for some years served for a dininghouse. Crockford's was celebrated for its cuisine.

"It [the club-house] rose like a creation of Aladdin's lamp; and the genii themselves could hardly have surpassed the beauty of the internal decorations, or furnished a more accomplished maître d'hôtel than Ude. To make the company as select as pos sible, the establishment was regularly organized as a club, and the election

of members vested in a committee. 'Crockford's' became the rage; and the votaries of fashion, whether they liked play or not, hastened to enroll themselves. The Duke of Wellington was an original member, though (unlike Blücher, who repeatedly lost every thing he had at play) the great captain was never known to play deep at any game but war or politics. Card-tables were regularly placed, and whist was played occasionally; but the aim, end, and final cause of the whole was the hazard-bank, at which the proprietor took his nightly stand, prepared for all comers.... A vast sum, perhaps half a million, was sometimes due to him; but as he won, all his debtors were able to raise, and easy credit was the most fatal of his lures. He retired in 1840, much as an Indian chief retires from a hunting country where there is not game enough left for his tribe."

Edinburgh Review.

Truly this same world may be seen in Mossgiel and Tarbolton, if we look well, as clearly as it ever came to light in Crockford's or the Tuileries itself. Carlyle.

The plats at White's, the play at Crock's,
The bumpers to Miss Gunning;
The bonhomie of Charlie Fox,

And Selwyn's ghastly funning.
Frederick Locker.

Cromwell Gardens. A place in London much frequented in the last century.

Crosby Hall. An interesting house in Bishopsgate Street, London, built in the fifteenth century by Sir John Crosby. Here lived Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and here is laid the scene of a portion of Shakespeare's "Richard III." Sir Thomas More lived for some years in Crosby Place, and also the Countess of Pembroke, "Sid-| ney's sister, Pembroke's mother." Crosby Hall is now a restaurant, having variously served of late years as a Methodist meeting, an auction-room, the meeting-place for a literary society, and a wine

store.

"Crosby Hall is a witness of this unwillingness to improve a house off the face of the earth. The name of this house is known to all readers of Richard III.' I knew something of its beauty and its history, and it was one of the buildings in London I was curious to see. . . . It is now a

common eating-house chiefly frequented by commercial people.... As it

is said to be the only remnant of the ancient domestic architecture of London, it is a building of peculiar interest." Richard Grant White. When you have done, repair to Crosby Place. Shakespeare. Crosby Place. See CROSBY HALL. Cross, The True. The instrument of torture upon which Christ suffered death was believed to have lain "dishonored and unknown for three centuries" on a spot now covered by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and to have been dug up together with the crown of thorns, the nails, and the inscription, in the presence of the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, at the time of the building of the church. An altar and a crucifix now mark the place of the discovery, and the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross is regarded with peculiar veneration by the pious pilgrims to Jerusa

lem.

Cross. See DEPOSITION FROM THE CROSS, DESCENT FROM THE CROSS, ELEVATION OF THE CROSS, MIRACLE OF THE CROSS, VISION OF THE HOLY CROSS.

Cross and the World. An impressive allegorical picture by Thomas Cole (1801-1848), the American painter. It was left unfinished at his death.

Crowland Bells. A famous peal of bells once connected with the Abbey of Crowland. They were named Pega, Bega, Tatwin, Turketyl, Betelin, Bartholomew, and Guthlac.

Nunc erat turre tanta consonantia campanarum in tota Anglia. Ingulphus. Crown and Anchor. A noted tavern in the Strand, London, formerly much frequented.

At half-past eight we adjourned in mass from the tavern, which was the wellknown Crown and Anchor,' in the Strand, to the Geological Rooms at Somerset House. George Ticknor. Crown. See HOLY AND APOSTOLICAL CROWN and IRON CROWN. Crown Point Fortress. A forti

fication on Lake Champlain, now