The quarter of Melite was noted for a temple of Hercules Alexicacus, containing a statue by Ageladas, the master of Phidias', and for a temple of Diana Aristobula, built by Themistocles, in which the statue still remained, as it is mentioned by Plutarch, the contemporary of Pausanias,-as well as for other buildings. Among the Athenian edifices of later date, may be mentioned the Agrippeium, or theatre of Agrippa in the Inner Cerameicus. In addition to these, Athens still retains evidence, in some of its ruins, of the incompleteness of the description of Pausanias; for example, in the Pnyx and the Horologium of Andronicus Cyrrhestes. As to the gate of Hadrianopolis, it was probably not erected until after Pausanias, who makes no allusion to the city of Hadrian, had written his Attica, and perhaps not until the reign of Antoninus Pius, who completed the aqueduct of Hadrianopolis". inscription, which the People obliterated when they enlarged the altar. A distich, inscribed on another altar, erected by him in the Pythium, remained in the time of Thucydides. See above, p. 132, n. 2. 6 * Herod. 6, 108. Thucyd. 6, 54. Xenoph. Hipparch. 3. Lycurg. c. Leocrat. p. 198, Reiske. Plutarch. Nic. 13. Vit. X. Rhet. in Demosth. Adjacent to the altar of the Twelve Gods was an inclosure called the epoxoiviopa. Here votes of exostracism were taken, and 6000 oorpara were required to condemn a citizen to exile. Plutarch. Aristid. 7. J. Poll. 8, 20. Sch. Aristoph. Eq. Etym. M. in oorрaкioμóc. 7 Hesych. in 'Expeλirns. Chil. 8, 192. Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 504. Tzetz. Philost. Sophist. 2, 5, § 3. 2, 8, § 2. Spon, Voyage, &c. II. p. 99. For a summary of the less noted buildings, monuments, and places, with the authorities referring to them, see Appendix VII. · SECTION II. Of the Positions and existing Monuments of Ancient Athens, as to the identity of which there can be little or no doubt. THE features of Athenian topography, which ancient history and local evidence concur in determining with the greatest certainty, are its rivers, the Ilissus and Cephissus; the Acropolis, with its three principal buildings, namely, the Propylæa, Parthenon, and Erechtheium; the hills, Areiopagus and Museium; the temples of Theseus and of Jupiter Olympius; the fountains Clepsydra and Enneacrunus; the three places of public assembly, called the Pnyx, the Dionysiac Theatre, and the Odeium of Regilla; the Horologium of Andronicus Cyrrhestes; the Stadium ; the Academy; and two of the works of Hadrian, namely, the gate leading into the quarter around the Olympieium, which assumed the name of Hadrianopolis, and the aqueduct, which the emperor commenced, but left to his successor to complete. It cannot be necessary to offer any proofs of identity as to the two rivers, or as to the Acropolis and its three buildings, in the present state of our knowledge of the topography of Athens. Several of the other monuments or natural objects having, at no distant period of time, been mistaken by travellers who have visited or described Athens, it may be right to offer a few remarks upon them, as they involve considerations which may facilitate a determination of some more disputable localities, without which it is impossible to trace the description of Pausanias amidst the existing ruins of Athens. The identity of the Areiopagus with that rocky Areioheight which is separated only from the western end pagus. of the Acropolis by a hollow, forming a communication between the northern and southern divisions of the ancient site, is found in the words of Pausanias, indicating that proximity'; in the remark of Herodotus, that it was a height over-against the Acropolis, from whence the Persians assailed the western end of the Acropolis 2; and in the lines of Eschylus, who refers to it in similar terms as the position of the camp of the Amazones, when they attacked the fortress of Theseus. Nor ought we to neglect the strong traditional evidence afforded by the church of Dionysius the Areopagite, of which the ruins were seen by Wheler and Spon at the foot of the height on the north-eastern side1. 1Attic. 28, 4. See above, p. 159, n. 5. 2 * Οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι ἱζόμενοι ἐπὶ τὸν καταντίον τῆς ἀκροπύλιος ὄχθον, τὸν ̓Αθηναῖοι καλέουσι ̓Αρήϊον πάγον, ἐπολιόρκεον τρόπον τοιόνδε. Herodot. 8, 52. 3 Πάγον δ' Αρειον, τὸν δ ̓ ̓Αμαζόνων ἕδραν, Τὴν δ ̓ ὑψίπυργον ἀντεπύργωσαν τότε ̓́Αρει δ ̓ ἔθυον, ἔνθεν ἐστ ̓ ἐπώνυμος Πέτρα, πάγος τ' "Αρειος.-Æschyl. Eumenid. 689. p. 116; Stuart, Ant. of Ath. II. p. VI. Museium. The Museium is described by Pausanias as a hill opposite to the Acropolis, and included within the ancient circuit of the city-wall, where the poet Museus had been buried', and where, in latter times, a monument had been erected to a certain Syrian, whose name Pausanias has not stated 2. By the first part of this description, we are at once directed to that height, which, separated by a valley from the south-western side of the Acropolis, almost equals it in altitude and where we not only find foundations of the city-walls crossing the summit of that hill, but just within the walls an ancient structure; some inscriptions upon which prove it to have been the monument of Philopappus, a grandson of Antiochus, the fourth and last king of Commagene, who, having been deposed by Vespasian, went to Rome with his two sons, Epiphanes and Callinicus". Epiphanes, it appears, was father of the Philopappus to whom this monument was erected, and who had become an Attic citizen of the demus Besa'. This, it is evident, is the Syrian to whom Pausanias alluded. The identity of the temple of Theseus may be presumed, from the magnitude of the existing building, and from its situation; the former being in accordance with ancient testimony, as to the respect Theseium. 1 Diogenes Laërtius says (1, 3) that Musæus died at Phalerum, and has preserved his epitaph. 2 Εστι δὲ ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου ἀρχαίου τὸ Μουσεῖον, ἀπ ̓ ἀντικρὺ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως λόφος, ἔνθα Μουσαῖον ᾄδειν καὶ ἀποθανόντα γήραϊ ταφῆναι λέγουσιν· ὕστερον δὲ μνῆμα αὐτόθι ἀνδρὶ ᾠκοδομήθη Σύρῳ. Pausan. Attic. 25, 6. 3 A. D. 72. 4 Sueton. in Vespas. 8. Joseph. de Bell. Jud. 7, 7. For some further remarks on the monument of Philopappus, see Appendix VIII. paid by the Athenians to the memory of Theseus, and the importance of his temple'; the latter agreeing with that which may be understood from a general consideration of the narrative of Pausanias as to the situation of the Theseium. But the best proof is to be found in some of the remaining sculptures of the building itself. The ten metopes of the eastern front, together with the four adjoining metopes of either flank, are adorned with figures in high relief, which represent the labours of Hercules and Theseus; the union of whose worship at Athens, in consequence of the gratitude of Theseus towards Hercules, is well known2. eium and polis. We are equally well assured that the cluster of Olympilofty columns of Pentelic marble at the south-eastern Hadrianoend of the ancient site near the Ilissus, are the remains of the temple of Jupiter Olympius. Their vast proportions, exceeding those of any other building at Athens, would alone have been a presumption, almost amounting to a proof, that they belonged to that temple, which was the greatest ever undertaken in honour of the supreme deity of the Greeks, and one of the four most renowned examples of architecture in marble, even if Thucydides had not pointed to this side of the city as the position of the Olym 1 Hegesias ap. Strab. p. 396, and Strabo himself in the same place. Plutarch. de exil. 17. Meurs. Athen. Attic. 1, 6. 2 Euripid. Herc. fur. 618, 1145, &c. Philochorus ap. Plutarch. Thes. 35. For further remarks on the Theseium, see Appendix IX. 'Jovis Olympii templum Athenis, unum in terris inchoatum. pro magnitudine dei. Liv. 41, 20. 4 The three others were the temples of Ephesus, Branchida, and Eleusis. Vitruv. 7. in præf. |
