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Laius

Laius, in ancient Greek legend, was king of Thebes, son of Labdacus and father of Edipus.

La Jonquière, JACQUES PIERRE TAFFANEL (1685-1752), French governor of Canada. The fleet in which he sailed for Canada in 1745 was scattered by a storm, and returned to France, and in the following year another fleet was captured by the English off Cape Finisterre, and La Jonquière was made a prisoner and sent to France. His administration, once he had arrived in Canada, was not fortunate. He quarrelled with the English over the fur-trading rights on the banks of the Ohio, entertained and partly carried out designs intended to regain possession of Acadia, and with a group of his adherents organized a company which controlled the commerce of the country. With his secretary he kept a monopoly of the brandy trade with the Indians. Frightened by the loud protests against his administration, he demanded his recall, and died in Quebec before his successor could be appointed. See Warburton's Conquest of Canada, vol. i. (1849).

La Junta, tn., Otero CO., Colo., on the Arkansas R., and on the A. T. and S. Fé R. R., 65 m. E.S.E. of Pueblo. It is in a farming, alfalfa, and cattle-producing district, and has a considerable grain trade and manufactures of flour and canned goods. It also has railway repair and machine shops. Pop. (1900) 2,513.

Lake. A lake is a basin of water surrounded by land. The origin of lakes may usually be ⚫ ascribed to interference with drainage. To volcanic action are due crater lakes, such as Crater Lake, Oregon, and the lakes of Albano and Nemi, the Eifel and Auvergne; and the lava-dammed lakes, such as the Lac d'Aydat, in Auvergne. Landslips have dammed valleys and formed lake basins, as the Gohna lake, formed in the Himalaya in 1894. Sinks or shallow holes in porous limestone may be choked and form lakelets, and the polyes of the Karst are temporary lakes, due to the rise of ground waters in these dissolved and sunken areas. Rivers form lakes by the gradual dissolution of soluble limestone through lateral erosion, as Loughs Ree and Derg; and underground lakes are due to similar decomposition of the rock.

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Lake basins are especially common in glaciated areas. Moraines and other forms of glacial deposits may extend across the natural lines of drainage, while in other cases the ice itself has eroded basins that have subsequently been filled with water. Most of the lakes in the northern

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part of the United States and in Canada have been formed by glacial action. The great terminal moraines round Lake Maggiore or Lake Como suggest a glacial origin for these lakes; but the great depth of their basins requires proof of glacial erosion completing the work of river erosion.

In course of time, through growth of deltaic deposits which fill up the end of a lake or cut it in two (as in the cases of Derwentwater, Bassenthwaite, and BrienzThun), and by erosion at the outlet, a lake may disappear. Change of climate is another factor in the destruction of lakes. During the glacial period there were immense lakes in the region of the Great Basin, in the Red River valley, and in the vicinity of the present Great Lakes that have since wholly or partially disappeared as a result of the climatic change accompanying the recession of the ice sheet.

Lakes may be divided into fresh-water, brackish, and salt lakes. The salinity of the water is greatest in lakes with no outlet in rainless regions. The Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake are among the saltest lakes, and are under such conditions. Every transition from them to the pure freshwater lakes can be found.

Lake Charles, city, Calcasieu par., La., on Calcasieu R., and on the Kan. City S., the La. W. and the St. L., Wat. and Gulf R. Rs., 190 m. w. of New Orleans. Its leading industries are oil production, sulphur mining, and lumber manufacturing. The city is situated in a very rich rice-producing district. It has fine civic and other buildings. Drew Park, Shell Beach, and Lakeside Drive are places of resort and scenic interest. The charitable institutions are the Baptist Orphans Home and the Catholic Charity Hospital. There is a Carnegie library. Pop. (1900) 6,680.

Lake City. (1.) Tn., Fla., co. seat of Columbia co., on the Atl. Coast L., the Ga. S. and Fla., and the Seab. Air L. R. Rs., 60 m. W. of Jacksonville. It is situated in a cotton-growing district, and has a considerable trade in lumber, turpentine, and farm products. It is the seat of the state agricultural college and a U. S. agricultural experiment station. Pop. (1905) 6,509. (2.) City, Wabasha co., Minn., on the banks of Lake Pepin, a widening of the Mississippi R., and on the Chi., Mil. and St. P. R. R., 55 m. S.E. of St. Paul. It is a summer resort. The chief industries are flour-milling, wagon making, and the growing of nursery stock. Live stock is extensively raised in the district. The city possesses a public library and owns and

Lake Forest University

was

operates its electric light and water works plants. It settled in 1853 and incorporated in 1873. Pop. (1905) 2,877. (3.) City, Calhoun.co., Ia., on the Chi. and N.-W. R. R., 77 m. N.W. of Des Moines. It has manufactures of concrete fence posts and building blocks, brick and tile, flour, tents and awnings, incubators and brooders, etc. It owns and operates its water works. Pop. (1905) 2,322.

Lake District of England comprises adjacent parts of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire. Windermere, about 10 m. long by less than 1 m. in breadth, is situated in the S.E., and connected with Rydal Water, Grasmere, Elther Water, and Esthwaite. More to the w. is Coniston Water, dominated by the peak called Coniston Old Man. In the N.E. is Ullswater, with Hawes Water to the S.E.; and to the w., beyond Helvellyn, Thirlmere, now the head reservoir of the Manchester water supply. North-west of Thirlmere are Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, and N.E. the mountain group in which rise Skiddaw and Scafell. Buttermere, Crummock Water, and Loweswater lie s.w.; Ennerdale still further s.w., and Wast Water S.E. of the latter. Sty Head Pass, N.E. of Wast Water, is famed as the wettest place in England. There are several waterfalls. See Rawnsley's Life and Nature at the English Lakes (1899), and Literary Associations of the English Lakes (1894; new ed. 1901), also other works by the same author; H. R. Mill's Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes (1895); Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archæological Society; Wordsworth's Description of the Scenery of the English Lakes (1823); Professor W. Knight's English Lake District (1878), and Through the Wordsworth Country (1887); Bradley's Highways and Byways

in the Lake District (1901); Palmer's Lake Country Rambles (1902); Collingwood's The Lake Country (1902); and Cooper and Palmer's English Lakes (1905).

Lake Dwellings. See PILE DWELLINGS.

Lake Forest, city, Lake co., Ill., on a high bluff on the shore of Lake Michigan, and on the Chi. and N.-W. R. R. It was incorporated in 1857, became an educational centre, and is one of the most beautiful residential suburbs in the Middle West. Lake Forest University is situated here, also Lake Forest Academy and a school for girls. Pop. (1900) 2,215.

Lake Forest University. Α coeducational institution under Presbyterian control, at Lake Forest, Illinois, established in

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A typical Alpine lake near Laggan, Alberta, Canada, showing the glaciers from which it is fed and the evergreen trees on its shores. It is 5645 feet above sea level.

Lake Geneva

1856 as Lind University, receiving its present name in 1865. It consists of the college, established in 1876, and two preparatory schools, the Academy, for boys, opened in 1858, and Ferry Hall, for girls, opened in 1869. The institution is purely collegiate, having terminated its connection with schools of law, medicine, and dental surgery in 1902. The attendance in 1910 was 417, when the university had a faculty of 49, a library of 30,000 volumes, and productive funds to the amount of $700,000.

Lake Geneva. See GENEVA, LAKE OF.

Lake Geneva, city, Walworth county, Wisconsin, on Lake Geneva, and on the Chi, and N. W. RR. It is a popular summer resort. The Yerkes Observatory is located here. There are large dairy interests. Pop. (1910) 3,079.

Lake Huron. See HURON, LAKE.

Lake Linden, village, Houghton county, Michigan, on Torch Lake, and on the Copper Range and Mineral Range RRS.; 5 m. s. of Calumet. Its main industries are copper stamping and copper smelting. Pop. 2,500.

Lake of the Thousand Islands. See ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

Lake of the Woods, large sheet of water on the frontier between Minnesota and Ontario, Canada. It derives its name from the wooded islands with which it is studded and the surrounding tree-clad hills. It is fed by the Rainy River, and the Winnipeg takes the surplus to Hudson Bay. Length, 65 m.; circumference, 300 m. There is good steamer service.

Lakes are insoluble pigments obtained by precipitating solutions of organic coloring substances with metallic salts. The precipitating agent varies according to the chemical properties of the coloring matter and the purposes for which the lake is intended. The aim in the preparation of lakes is to bring about a combination of the color substance with certain insoluble hydrates (alum, tin) while precipitation is taking place through the addition of an alkali (sal soda). This precipitation is made on a 'base' or 'carrier,' which is a fine, insoluble powder, such as starch, China clay, baryta (blanc fixe), gypsum, etc. The purpose of these insoluble carriers is to increase the body or covering power of the pigment, and as a diluent to produce lighter shades. Thus, carmine lake is prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a cochineal decoction containing alum or stannous chloride, or a mixture of both; when it is to be used for coloring foods, only alum is used. The aniline color lakes are usually prepared by adding China clay, blanc fixe, or chalk, followed by alum, to a solution of the color in sodium hydroxide or carbonate; or VOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

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carrier and alum (or tin chloride), tannic acid, and soda carbonate to a mixture of the color.

Among the vegetable color lakes are carmine, Brazil-wood (purple, red), madder, alizarin (red, purple, blue), quercitron, 'Dutch pink' (yellow), Persian berry (orange). The azo aniline dyes furnish a great variety of colors and shades, most brilliant among which are the aurines (scarlet to orange) and the eosines (scarlet to crimson). Lakes are chiefly used in making paints, while those of vegetable origin are used to some extent for coloring pastry and candies.

Lake School of Poets, LAKERS, or LAKISTS, titles first applied in derision by the Edinburgh Review to the poets Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, who lived in the Lake district of England. Wordsworth, the acknowledged head and founder of the new school, had his home for fifty-one years in the district-at Grasmere for the fourteen years from 1799 to 1813, and at Rydal Mount for the remaining thirtyseven. The year 1797 was marked by the meeting of Wordsworth and Coleridge at Stowey, and saw the commencement of their joint production, the Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth was to illustrate 'subjects chosen from ordinary life,' while the verses of Coleridge were to be of a 'supernatural' cast. In this they succeeded beyond expectation

-the one with his Lines on Tintern Alley, We are Seven, Simon Lee, and Expostulation and Reply; and the other with his inimitable Rime of the Ancient Mariner. These two great poets were at once profoundly akin and strikingly different. They surpassed all other poets of their day in delicacy of perception and in imaginative power. They were equally sensitive to the beauty of landscape; but while 'the common growth of mother Earth' appealed only to Wordsworth; Coleridge found his theme in strange dreams and unknown climes. To the Lake school Southey belongs only by residence and friendship, though he is usually considered a member. Shelley, Keats, and Byron were its disciples, and from these has emanated the modern romantic school..

Lake Trout. See TROUT.

Lakewood, village, Ocean county, New Jersey, on the Central Railroad of N. J., 59 m. from New York by rail. It is a noted winter resort, in the midst of pine forests, and has many hotels and villas. Lakewood has a hospital and a public library. Pop. 5,000.

Lakewood, town, Cuyahoga county, Ohio; a residential suburb of Cleveland. Grapes and small fruits are raised, and there are wine manufactures. Scenic Park is an attractive resort. It has experienced a remarkable growth in the last decade. Pop. (1910) 15,181.

La Linea

Lakh, from Sanskrit laksha, 'one hundred thousand.' The word is employed in India to signify 100,000 rupees, of which the nominal value is $50,000, and the actual value about $40,000.

Lakhimpur,

or LIKHIMPUR, great tea-growing district in the Brahmaputra valley, division of Assam, British India. It has coal mines and petroleum wells. The chief centres are Digboi and Makum. The civil headquarters are at Dibrugarh. Area, 3,724 sq. m. Pop. 375,000.

Lakshmeswar, town, feudatory state of Miraj, Bombay, India, 40 m. S.E. of Dharwar. Pop. 10,000.

Lakshmi, or SRf, în Hindu mythology, the consort of Vishnu, and the goddess of fortune and beauty; generally represented in gold, seated upon a lotus. She is mother of Kâma, the Hindu god of love.

Lalande, JOSEPH JÉRÔME LE FRANÇAIS DE (1732-1807), French astronomer, was born in Bourg. Despatched in 1752 from Paris to Berlin, to make observations of the moon's parallax there, he was on his return appointed adjunctastronomer to the Paris Academy. He was professor of astronomy at the Collège de France (1762-1807). His observations of 50,000 stars, given in Histoire Céleste Française (1801), proved invaluable, and he wrote several successful popular works. The Lalande Prize was instituted by him in 1802, to reward the chief astronomical performance of each year.

Lalemant, GABRIEL (1610–49), French Jesuit missionary, nephew of Jérôme (q.v.), was active in the religious history of early Canada. He went to that country in 1646; took charge of the Huron mission (1648); was captured by the Indians in the village of St. Louis, and put to death with torture.

Lalemant, JÉRÔME (1593-1673), French Jesuit missionary, taught in Jesuit schools in France, and in 1638 came to Canada. He worked among the Hurons; was superior of the missions in 1645-50, and in 1647 became vicar-general of the French possessions. To this office he was reappointed in 1659, upon his return to Canada from France, where for nine years he had made fruitless efforts to interest the Canadian company in the Huron Indians who had taken refuge in Quebec. Consult Parkman's Jesuits in North America.

La Libertad. See LIBERTAD. Lalin, township in Pontevedra province, Northwest Spain, in a mountainous agricultural district, 50 m. s.s.E. of Corunna. It has paper mills and tanneries. Pop. 20,000.

Lalin, walled town of Manchuria, 85 m. N.N.E. of Kirin, on a river of same name. Pop. about 20,000.

La Linea. See LINEA.

Lalita-Vistara

Lalita-Vistara, one of the nine principal religious works of the Buddhists, containing the life and doctrines of the Buddha, S'ákyamuni. An English translation has been made from the Sanskrit text, and a French one from the Tibetan. See Burnouf's Introduction à l'Histoire du Buddhisme Indien.

Lalitpur, town, Lalitpur district, Northwest Provinces, India, 110 m. S.E. of Gwalior. Pop. 11,000.

Lallemand, CHARLES FRANÇOIS ANTOINE, BARON (1774-1839), French general, was born in Metz. He entered the army in 1792; served as aide-de-camp of Junot in his Egyptian and Portuguese campaigns; after the battle of Jena was made colonel in 1806, and in 1811 general of brigade for his distinguished services in Spain. He left the service of Louis xvII. to become one of Napoleon's generals of division, upon the latter's return from Elba. After Waterloo he attempted, with 350 other refugees, to found a colony in Texas. Napoleon on his death (1821) left him 100,000 francs. Lallemand for a short time conducted a school in New York. After the revolution of 1830 he returned to France, regained his title and privileges, and commanded the Corsican division of the army.

Lally-Tollendal, THOMAS ARTHUR, COMTE DE (1702-66), French general and administrator, was born at Romans (Drôme). After a career of distinction in the French army, and in the Jacobite expedition to Scotland (1745), he was sent as commander-in-chief to the East Indies (1756). At first successful against the British, he was deserted by the fleet under Laché, and, without food or supplies, forced back from Madras, and compelled, after a close blockade of eleven months, to surrender Pondichery (1761). On his return to France he was sent to the Bastille, and two years later brought to trial and beheaded. This judicial crime was exposed by Voltaire, and by the victim's son in 1773, and in 1778 Louis XVI. restored the forfeited honors.

TROPHIME

Lally-Tollendal, GÉRARD, MARQUIS DE (1751-1830), French politician and author, son of the above, was born in Paris. He represented the Parisian noblesse in the Etats Généraux (1779); defended Louis XVI. (1789); retired to Switzerland (1791), but became Minister of State, peer of France, and member of the Academy under Louis XVIII. (1815). His publications include Plaidoyer pour Louis XVI. (1795); Défense des Emigrés Français (1794); Le Comte de Strafford (1795).

Lalo, EDOUARD VICTOR ANTOINE (1823-92), French composer, was born in Lille. His compositions, though not display marked individuality, the orchesVOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

numerous,

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tration being especially skilful. His works include symphonies, orchestral suites, ballets, concertos, sonatas for violin and for 'cello, quartets, trios, and songs.

La Louvière, coal-mining centre of Belgium, province_Hainault, 13 m. N. by E. of Mons. Pop. 20,000.

Lama, South American animal. See LLAMA.

Lamachus, Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War. With Nicias and Alcibiades he commanded the expedition against Sicily in 415 B.C., and was killed at the investment of Syracuse (414 B.C.); He is represented as a brave and earnest soldier. See Thucydides, Aristophanes, and Plutarch.

Lamaism, a variety of Buddhism professed by the Tartar races of Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, and Northern Nepal. Lhassa, the 'Rome' of Lamaism, is the capital of Tibet, and till recently was a forbidden city to the European. It seems probable that the nature worship of the nomad Mongol was touched by the precepts of Lao-Tse and Confucius before it absorbed a Buddhism which had already lost its savor. Whatever the formative influences, the acceptance of Buddha as an incarnation of the divine essence resulted in the establishment at Tibet of a hierarchy in the person of a Dalai Lama ('sea of wisdom'), whose judgment is supreme. The prayer of Lamaism, of Sanskrit origin, is engraved on rocks and inscribed on flags; while praying wheels, worked by hand, by wind, and by water, proclaim the message of Lama salvation.

Encouragement of celibacy led to the foundation of lamaseries throughout the countries which acknowledged the creed. These monasteries, many largely endowed and some capable of housing 30,000 individuals, are the churches, colleges, schools, and hospitals of the people, the resort of pilgrims, and the repositories of Lamaesque arts, science, and literature. The pontiff is established at Lhassa, but each lamasery has its 'living Buddha' or Grand Lama. A Grand Lama does not die, but, from time to time, he lays aside his human envelope and is rejuvenated. New 'living Buddhas' are always sought for and discovered in Tibet; and the choice usually falls on a boy between four and five years of age, amenable to the training required for his high position.

For many years the Dalai Lama was the temporal as well as spiritual head in Tibet; but in 1910 Chinese troops occupied Lhassa, and the Dalai Lama fled to India.

See BUDDHISM; TIBET; LHASSA. Consult Köppen's Lamaische Hierarchie und Kirche (1859); Waddell's Buddhism of Tibet (1895); Gruenwedel's Lamaismus in Orientalischen Religionen (1906); Leder's

Lamar

Uber den Buddhismus in Tibet (1903).

Lama Miao. See DOLON-NOR. La Mancha. See MANCHA, LA. Lamar, city, Missouri, county seat of Barton co., on the Mo. Pac., Frisco System and Kansas City, Clin. and Sp. RRs.; 24 m. N. of Carthage. Lead, zinc, and coal are found in the vicinity. There are flour mills. Pop. 3,000.

Lamar, JOSEPH RUCKER (1857), American jurist and U. S. Supreme Court Justice, was born in Ruckersville, Ga. He was educated at the University of Georgia, Washington and Lee University, and Bethany College, and was admitted to the bar in 1879. He practised law in Augusta from 1879 to 1903. During that time he was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives (1886-9) and commissioner to codify the laws of Georgia (1895). From 1903 to 1905 he was associate justice of the supreme court of Georgia, and in 1910 was appointed by President Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Lamar, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCINNATUS (1797-1834), American jurist, was born, of Huguenot descent, near Eatontown, Ga. He studied law at Milledgeville, and at Litchfield, Conn., and entered practice in Milledgeville. He became a judge of the superior court in 1830. He compiled Laws of Georgia from 1810 to 1819 (1821).

Lamar, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCINNATUS, 2d (1826-93), American statesman, was born in Putnam county, Ga. He was graduated from Emory College, Ga., in 1845. His legal education was obtained at Macon, Ga., and he was admitted to the bar in 1847. From 1849 to 1851 he was adjunct professor of mathematics at the University of Mississippi, then practised law at Covington, Ga. In 1854 he removed to Lafayette, Miss., and was elected to Congress in 1856, and reelected in 1858. He was prominent in the Secession movement, and entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colonel, serving with the Army of Northern Virginia and taking part in many engagements. He was obliged to leave the army through_failing health. He was sent to Europe as commissioner to Russia; but the Confederate Senate did not confirm the commission, and he returned.

After the war, Lamar held professorships for a short time at the University of Mississippi, but soon returned to law. He was elected in 1872 to Congress, was re-elected in 1874, and led the newly reorganized Democratic Party in the House until 1877, when he entered the Senate. He took much interest in public improvements, especially in those pertaining to the Mississippi River, and was noted for his in

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