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minal head of Dionysus, crowned by a broad diadem. It differs from all of them in the disposition of the hair, which falls over the forehead, and is very carefully disposed in curls; the beard is also very richly curled, and two spiral locks of hair descend on each side of the neck. This sculpture is quite perfect except a small portion of the back of the head which is lost. It has undergone no restoration.

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T. 69 is a peculiar representation of two terminal heads joined back to back one is the bearded Bacchus, and the other Libera. The arrangement of the hair is the same in each three rows of spiral curls fall over the forehead, two larger ones of the same form hang down on each side of the temples, and a long straight lock descends on each side of the breast. Both heads are ornamented with a narrow diadem. This sculpture represents Dionysus under his androgynous type, as partaking of both sexes. It was found near Rome by Mr. Gavin Hamilton. The end of each nose has been restored, but in other respects the heads are entire. There is another small representation of terminal heads of Bacchus and Libera, about seven inches and a half in height, in a case. No. 7 is a terminal head of Libera, about one foot four inches in height. The hair is divided above the forehead, and forms two large bows on each side of the head. The nose has been restored. There are some other small heads of the same subject. One a small terminal head from the collection of Sir William Hamilton, marked 20; a second in yellow marble, No. 21; a third in red marble, with hollow eyesockets, No. 22; a fourth in reddish yellow marble, with a necklace

of ivy leaves, No. 23; and a fifth in white marble, No. 24, the breast covered with drapery.

The busts above mentioned express one type of the character of Dionysus-that in which he appears as the God of boundaries: his statues, and, more especially, his bas-reliefs, in which he appears in processions of various kinds with attendant Satyrs and dancing and rejoicing figures, express the Greek conception of his character still more fully. His worship is generally what may be called a worship of nature; it indicates the influence of the natural passions over the intellectual portion of man's nature. Dionysiac forms generally, therefore, represent this natural life, with its effects upon the human mind conceived in different stages, sometimes in nobler, sometimes in less noble forms. Dionysus himself is generally of a stately and majestic form, with a magnificent luxuriance of curling hair, restrained by the mitra, a gently-flowing beard, clear and blooming features, and when draped, wearing garments of an oriental richness in texture. When young, he appears as an Ephebos, the outlines of his form flowing softly into one another, without any prominent muscular development, and bespeaking the half-feminine character of the god, the features of the countenance presenting at the same time a peculiar blending of happy intoxication

with a dark and undefined longing, beautifully refined. The mitra round the forehead, and the vine or ivy crown, throwing its shade from above, produce an advantageous effect on the general expression of his countenance; the hair flows down softly and in long ringlets on the shoulders.

T. 78 is a head, formerly in the villa of Pope Sixtus V. called the Villa Montalto, at Rome, covered with the Phrygian or pyramidal hood, and the lower part of the face and neck clothed with drapery. The expression of the face is that of youthfulness, possibly to denote the youthful beauty of both sexes. It has been supposed, therefore, to represent Bacchus with his male and female qualities, under his title of Adonis or Aidoneus. The peculiar head-dress has also been sup

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posed to refer to the mystical ceremonies of his festival, which to have been of Syrian origin.

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It is not easy to separate the legends which refer to the last-mentioned representation from those which attach to Atys, whose presumed bust we shall now describe. Indeed, the head of Atys has been sometimes called that of Adonis, the peculiar cap in which it is attired being common to both these characters. The same headdress is worn by the Mithraic figures, by Trojans, Amazons, and other personages of a Phrygian or Amazonian origin, and has therefore been called a Phrygian cap. The head of Atys on this sculpture is slightly inclined forward, and a faint sad smile appears to play over the mouth, the eyes have a downward look, and the general expression of the countenance is that of a pensive melancholy. The countenance is rather feminine, which would suit the androgynous character of Atys. The luxuriant locks falling on the shoulders are unusual if not unknown in female statues. Statues of Atys are very rare, except those executed in Roman times, which represent a different Atys from that of Grecian mythology.

T. 80 is the head of an Amazon, as appears from its resemblance to the statue of a wounded Amazon engraved in the Mus. Capit., fol., vol. iii. tab. 46, and supposed to be a copy of a celebrated work of Ctesilaos. The head of the Roman statue is slightly bent forward with an expression of melancholy and pain, resembling that of the present head. On both the hair is similarly arranged, being accurately separated along the top of the head, with the front and side-locks drawn back towards the back of the head, where they are passed beneath the hair, which is turned up behind. The throat, shoulders, and end of the nose are modern. This head was brought from Rome by Mr. Lyde Browne.

There is also a head of a Muse, or of Apollo Musagetes, of very beautiful workmanship, bearing considerable resemblance, in general character, to the faces of the Niobids. The hair, parted along the top of the head, is drawn back on each side and gathered into a knot behind. The head and part of the neck only are antique. This, like the last head, was brought from Rome by Mr. Lyde Browne.

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T. 243. Cybele.

T. 243 is a bust called Cybele, and wearing on her head a turreted cap. It is probable that this head is the personification of some town, as this type is of common occurrence on coins from Syria.

Besides the preceding busts which we have thought deserving of a fuller description, are a few more, whose character appears to be mythological; we shall briefly enumerate them here. They are— a bust of a Muse crowned with laurel, and found at Frascati; a bust from a statue of Dionysus; two busts of Bacchantes; a bust of a female Satyr, bequeathed by Mr. Payne Knight; a bust of a laughing Satyr; a head of a boy, apparently a youthful Pan; a bust resembling Sappho; and a bust supposed to be one of the Dioscuri, but more probably of Mercury, discovered near Rome.

III.-PORTRAIT BUSTS OF GREEK PERSONAGES.

The Museum is not rich in that class which we have ventured to

term ideal heads, or representations of celebrated persons, but contains a few specimens which, from accidental circumstances, have obtained an European celebrity. Of these, the best known and probably the most remarkable is No. 25, a terminal head of Homer, representing the poet as of advanced age, but with a mild and dignified character. The portrait of Homer has not been preserved to us on coins, but the general resemblance between this bust and a terminus preserved at Naples, and inscribed with the name of the poet, and with three Greek inscriptions in his honour, naturally leads to the conclusion that they are both intended for one and the same person. This bust is elaborately executed, and in general treatment is not unlike the Laocoon. It was found in 1780, among some ruins on the site of the ancient Baiæ.

T. 90 is a bust of Sophocles, the Greek tragedian, in excellent preservation, but by no means remarkable for its artistic beauty. It is probably a copy, in Roman times, from some Greek original. There is a bust of Sophocles in the Vatican, and a medallion in the Farnese Palace, which bear a considerable resemblance to this bust. This marble was found near Genzano, in 1775.

T. 91 is a bust of Pericles, helmeted, and inscribed with his name in Greek characters. The workmanship is good, and it is probably a copy in Roman times from some good Greek original. It exhibits the peculiarity which is said to have been that of Pericles -a remarkably long head, for which reason Plutarch observes that he was usually represented helmeted. This head was found in 1781, about a mile from Tivoli, in the Pianella di Cassio. A repetition of the same head, in a more finished but less ancient style of sculpture, was found in the same excavation. It was helmeted, and bore, besides the name of Pericles, that also of his father Xanthippus, and his designation, as Athenian.

ASHMOLEAN

OXFORD

MUSEUM

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