and others), speaks of it as having once the name of Argentaria "nunc autem Stratzburg vulgo dicitur;" but he is probably mistaken in giving it the name of Argentaria instead of Argentoratum. [ARGENTARIA.] Zosimus (iii. 3) calls the place 'ApYévTwp. It was originally a town of the Tribocci. The Romans had a manufactory of arms at Argentoratum; and Julian defeated the Alemanni here. (Amm. Marcell. xvi. 12.) [G. L.]

Its

ARGENTOVA'RIA. [ARGENTARIA.] ARGIDA'VA. [ARCIDAVA.] A'RGILUS (Apyiλos: Eth. 'Apylos), a city of Macedonia in the district Bisaltia, between Amphipolis and Bromiscus. It was founded by a colony from Andros. (Thuc. iv. 103.) It appears from Herodotus (vii. 115) to have been a little to the right of the route of the army of Xerxes, and must therefore have been situated a little inland. territory must have been extended as far as the right bank of the Strymon, since Cerdylium, the mountain immediately opposite Amphipolis, belonged to Argilus. (Thục. v. 6.) The Argilians readily joined Brasidas in B. C. 424, on account of their jealousy of the important city of Amphipolis, which the Athenians had founded in their neighbourhood. (Thuc. iv. 103; comp. Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 171.)

ARGINU'SAE (ai 'Apуivoûσai), three small islands near the mainland of Aeolis, and near Canae on the mainland. (Strab. p. 617.) They lay between Canae and Mytilene in Lesbos, and 120 stadia from Mytilene. Thucydides (viii. 101) speaks of Arginusae of the mainland, as if there were a place on the mainland so called. Off these islands the ten generals of the Athenians gained a naval victory over the Spartans, B. C. 406. (Xen. Hell. i. 6.)

Stephanus (8.v.'Apyévvovo a) describes Argennusa as an island on the coast of Troas, near a promontory Argenmon. This description, given on the anthority of Androtion, does not suit the Arginusae; but Stephanus does not mention them elsewhere. Pliny (v.31) places the Arginusae iv. M. P. from Aege. The modern name of the islands is said to be Janot. [G. L.]

ARGIPPAEI ('Apуınṇaîoi, according to the common text of Herod. iv. 23; but two good MSS. have 'Opyreumator, which Dindorf adopts; 'Opyléμmeo, Zenob. Prov. v.25; Arimphaei or Arymphaei, Mela, Plin. l. inf. cc.), a people in the north of Asia, dwelling beyond the Scythians, at the foot of inaccessible mountains, beyond which, says Herodotus (c. 25), the country was unknown; only the Argippaei stated that these mountains were inhabited by men with goats' feet, and that beyond them were other men who slept for six months; "but this story," he adds, "I do not at all accept." East of the Argippaei dwelt the Issedones; but to the N. of both nothing was known. As far as the Argippaei, however, the people were well known, through the traffic both of the Scythians and of the Greek colonies on the Pontus.

These people were all bald from their birth, both men and women; flat-nosed and long-chinned. They spoke a distinct language, but wore the Scythian dress. They lived on the fruit of a species of cherry (probably the Prunus padus, or bird cherry), the thick juice of which they strained through cloths, and drank it pure, or mingled with milk; and they made cakes with the pulp, the juice of which they called oxu. Their flocks were few, because the pasturage was scanty. Each man made his abode under a tree, about which a sort of blanket was

hung in the winter only. The bald people were esteemed sacred, and were unmolested, though carrying no arms. Their neighbours referred disputes to their decision; and all fugitives who reached them enjoyed the right of sanctuary. Throughout his account Herodotus calls them the bald people (oi paλaxpoí), only mentioning their proper name once, where the reading is doubtful.

Mela (i. 19. § 20), enumerating the peoples E. of the Tanaïs, says that, beyond the Thyssagetae and Turcae, a rocky and desert region extends far and wide to the Arymphaei, of whom he gives a description, manifestly copied from Herodotus, and then adds, that beyond them rises the mountain Rhipaeus, beyond which lies the shore of the Ocean. A precisely similar position is assigned to the Arimphaei by Pliny (vi. 7, 13. s. 14), who calls them a race not unlike the Hyperborei, and then, like Mela, abridges the description of Herodotus. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. § 38; Solin. 21. s. 17; Marcian. Cap. vi. p. 214.)

An account of the various opinions respecting this race will be found in Baehr's Notes on the passage in Herodotus. They have been identified with the Chinese, the Brahmins or Lamas, and the Calmucks. The last seems to be the most probable opinion, or the description of Herodotus may be applied to the Mongols in general; for there are several striking points of resemblance. Their sacred character has been explained as referring to the class of priests among them; but perhaps it is only a form of the celebrated fable of the Hyperboreans. The mountains, at the foot of which they are placed, are identified, according to the different views about the people, with the Ural, or the W. extremity of the Altai, or the eastern part of the Altai. (De Guignes, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscrip. vol. xxxv. p. 551; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. pp. 691, 765, 892, Vorhalle, p. 292; Heeren, Ideen, i. 2, p. 299; Bohlen, Indien, i. p. 100; Ukert, iii. 2. pp. 543-546; Forbiger, ii. p. 470.) [P. S.]

ARGISSA. [ARGURA.] ARGITA ('Apyira), the river Ban, in Ulster, in Ireland. (Ptol. ii. 2. § 2.) [R. G. L.]

ARGITHEA, the capital of Athaniania, a district of Epirus, situated betwixt rocky mountains and deep valleys. Leake supposes that it was situated above the bridge of Koráku, to the left of the main stream of the Achelous, and that the ruins found at a small village called Knisovo are those of Argithea. (Liv. xxxviii. 1; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 272, 526.)

ARGIVI. [ARGOS.]

ARGOB ('Apyób, LXX: Râjib, Robinson, Palestine, vol. iii. App. p. 166), a district in Bashan, E. of the lake of Gennesareth, which was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Deut iii. 4, 13); after wards placed under the government of one of Solomon's purveyors. (1 Kings, iv. 13.) Reland (Falaest. p. 959) finds traces of this name in the transJordanic town Ragab (Payacá, Joseph. Antiq. xiii. 18. § 5), which Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. Árgob) places 15 M. P. west of Gerasa. Burkhardt (Travels p. 279) supposed that he had found the ruins of this city in those of El-Hossn on the E. side of the lake of Gennesareth, but Mr. Bankes ( Quarterly Review, vol. xxvi. p. 389) conceives this to have been the site of Gamala. [E. B J.]

ARGOLICUS SINUS (ὁ 'Αργολικός κόλπος), the gulf between Argolis and Laconia, but sometimes used, in a more extended sense, to indicate the whole 04

were obliged to undergo a court of inquiry before they were permitted to enter the city. (Thuc. v. 60; comp. Paus. ii. 25. § 2; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 364, Peloponnesiaca, p. 267; Mure, vol. ii. p. 161.) The ERASINUS ('Epaoivos, also 'Apoivos, Strab. viii. p. 371: Kephalari) is the only river in the plain of Argos which flows during the whole year. Its actual course in the plain of Argos is very short; but it was universally believed to be the same stream as the river of Stymphalus, which disappeared under Mt. Apelauron, and made its reappearance, after a subterranean course of 200 stadia, at the foot of the rocks of Mt. Chaon, to the SW. of Argos. It issues from these rocks in several large streams, forming a river of considerable size (hence "ingens Erasinus," Ov. Met. xv. 275), which flows directly across the plain into the Argolic gulf. The waters of this river turn a great number of mills, from which the place is now called " The Mills of Argos" (oi μúλoi Tou Apyous). At the spot where the Erasinus issues from Mt. Chaon, "there is a fine lofty cavern, with a roof like an acute Gothic arch, and extending 65 yards into the mountain." (Leake.) It is perhaps from this cavern that the mountain derives its name

(from xác, xaivw, xáσкш). The only tributary of the Erasinus is the Phrixus (píços, Paus. ii. 36. § 6, 38. § 1), which joins it near the sea. (Herod. vi. 76; Strab. vi. p. 275, viii. p. 389; Paus. ii. 36. §§ 6, 7, 24. § 6, viii. 22. § 3; Diod. xv. 49; Senec. Q. N. iii. 26; Stat. Theb. i. 357; Plin. iv. 5. § 9; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 340, seq., vol. iii. p. 112, seq., Pelopon. p. 384; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 141.)

The other rivers in the Argeia are mere mountain torrents. On the Argolic gulf we find the following, proceeding from S. to N.: 1. TANUS (Távos, Paus. ii. 38. § 7), or TANAUS (Tavaós, Eurip. Electr 413), now the river of Luku, forming the boundary between the Argeia and Cynuria. (Leake, Pelopon. pp. 302, 340.) 2. PONTINUS (ПOvrîvos), rising in a mountain of the same name, on which stood a temple of Athena Saitis, said to have been founded by Danaus. (Paus. ii. 36. § 8; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 473, Pelopon. p. 368.) 3. AMYMONE ('Auvμú), which descends from the saine mountain, and immediately enters the lake of Lerna. [LERNA.] 4. CHEIMARRHUS (Xeiμappos), between the lake of Lerna and the Erasinus. (Paus. ii. 36. § 7; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 338.) In the interior of the country we find: 5. ASTERION ('AσTepiwv), a small torrent flowing on the south-eastern side of the Heraeum, or temple of Hera, the waters of which are said by Pausanias to disappear in a chasm. No trace of this chasm has been found; but Mure observed that its waters were absorbed in the earth at a small distance from the temple. (Paus. ii. 17. § 2; Mure, vol. ii. p. 180; Leake, Pelopon. p. 262, seq.) 6. ELEUTHERION ('Eλev@épiov), a small torrent flowing on the north-western side of the Heraeum. (Paus. ii. 17. § 1; Leake, Pelopon. p. 272.) From a passage of Eustathius (in Od. xiii. 408), quoted by Leake, we learn that the source of this torrent was named Cynadra (Kuváɔ̃pa).

In the time of the Peloponnesian war the whole of the Argeia was subject to Argos, but it originally contained several independent cities. Of these the most important were Mycenae and Tiryns, which in the heroic ages were more celebrated than Argos itself. Argos is situated about 3 miles from the sea. Mycenae is between 6 and 7 miles N. of Argos;

the port of Argos, is about 2 miles beyond Tiryns. A list of the other towns in the Argeia is given in the account of the different roads leading from Argos. Of these roads the following were the most impor

tant:

1. The North road to Cleonae issued from the gate of Eileithyia (Paus. ii. 18. § 3), and ran through the centre of the plain of Argos to Mycenae. Shortly after leaving Mycenae the road entered a long narrow pass between the mountains, leading into the valley of Nemea in the territory of Cleonae. This pass, which was called the TRETUS (¿ Tpηrós) from the numerous caverns in the mountains, was the carriage-road in the time of Pausanias from Cleonae to Argos; and is now called Dervenáki. The mountain is also called Treton by Hesiod and Diodorus. It was celebrated as the haunt of the Nemean lion slain by Hercules. (Hes. Theog. 331; Diod. iv. 11; Paus. ii. 15. §§ 2, 4.) Pausanias mentions (. c.) a footpath over these mountains, which was shorter than the Tretus. This is the road called by other writers CONTOPORIA (Kovtomopía, Pol. xvi. 16; Athen. ii. p. 43).

2, 3. The two roads to Mantineia both quitted Argos at the gate called Deiras, and then immediately parted in different directions. (Paus. ii. 25. §§ 1-4.) The more southerly and the shorter of the two roads, called PRINUS, followed the course of the Charadrus: the more northerly and the longer, called CLIMAX, ran along the valley of the Inachus. Both Ross and Leake agree in making the Prinus the southern, and the Climax the northern of the two roads, contrary to the conclusions of the French surveyors. (Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 130, seq. : Leake, Pelopon. p. 371, seq.) For further details respecting these roads see MANTINEIA. The Prinus after crossing the Charadrus passed by Oence, which was situated on the left bank of the river [OENOE]; it then ascended Mt. Artemisium (Malevós), on whose summit by the road side was the temple of Artemis, and near it the sources of the Inachus. Here were the boundaries of the territories of Mantineia and Argos. (Paus. ii. 25. §§ 1—3.)

The Climax first passed by Lyrceia at the distance of 60 stadia from Argos, and next Orneae, a town on the confines of Philiasia, at the distance of 60 stadia from Orneae. (Paus. ii. 25. §§ 4—6.) [LYRCEIA; ORNEAE.] It appears from this account that the road must have run in a north-westerly direction, and have followed the course of the Inachus, since we know that Lyreeia was not on the direct road to Phlius, and because 120 stadia by the direct road to Phlius would carry us far into Phliasia, or even into Sicyonia. (Ross, Ibid. p. 134, seq.) After leaving Orneae the road crossed the mountain and entered the northern corner of the Argon Plain in the territory of Mantineia. [MANTINEIA.]

4. The road to Tegea quits Argos near the theatre, and first runs in a southerly direction along the foot of the mountain Lycone. After crossing the Erasinus (Kephalari), the road divides into two, the one to the right leading to Tegea across the mountains, and the other to the left leading through the plain to Lerna. The road to Tegea passes by Cenchreae [CENCHREAE] and the sepulchral monuments (TOλvavspia) of the Argives who conquered the Lacedaemonians at Hysiae, shortly afterwards crosses the Cheinarrhus, and then begins to ascend Mt. Pontinus in a westerly direction. It then crosses another

of Strabo (viii. p. 376), and turns southwards to the Khan of Daouli, where it is joined by a foot-path leading from Lerna. From this spot the road runs to the W., passes Hysiae [HYSIAE], and crossing Mt. l'arthenium enters the territory of Tegea. (Paus. ii. 24. § 5, seq Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 337, seq.; Ross, ib. p. 131, seq.) At the distance of about a mile from the Erasinus, and about half a mile to the right of the road, the remains of a pyramid are found, occupying the summit of a rocky eminence

RUINS OF A PYRAMID IN THE ARGEIA.

among the lower declivities of Mt. Chaon. Its site corresponds to that of the sepulchral monuments of the Argives, mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 24. §7); but its style of architecture would lead us to assign to it an early date. "The masonry of this edifice is of an intermediate style between the Cyclopian and polygonal, consisting of large irregular blocks, with a tendency, however, to quadrangular forms and horizontal courses; the inequalities being, as usual, filled up with smaller pieces. The largest stones may be from four to five feet in length, and from two to three in thickness. There are traces of mortar between the stones, which ought, perhaps, to be assigned rather to subsequent repairs than to the original workmanship. The symmetry of the structure is not strictly preserved, being interrupted by a rectangular recess cutting off one corner of the building. In this angle there is a doorway, consisting of two perpendicular side walls, surmounted by an open gable or Gothic arch, formed by horizontal layers of masonry converging into an apex, as in the triangular opening above the Gate of Lions and Treasury of Atreus. This door gives access to a passage between two walls. At its extremity on the right hand is another doorway, of which little or nothing of the masonry is preserved, opening into the interior chamber or vault." (Mure, vol. ii. p. 196.) This was not the only pyramid in the Argeia. A second, no longer existing, is mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 25. §7) on the road between Argos and Tiryns; a third, of which remains exist, is described by Gell (Itinerary of Greece, p. 102), on the road between Nauplia and Epidaurus; and there was probably a fourth to the S. of Lerna, since that part of the coast, where Danaus is said to have landed, was called Pyramia. (Plut. Pyrrh. 32; Paus. ii. 38. § 4.) It is a curious circumstance that pyramids are found in the Argeia, and in no other part of Greece, especially when taken in connection with the story of the Aegyptian colony of Danaus.

5. The road to Thyrea and Sparta is the same as the one to Tegea, till it reaches the Erasinus, where it branches off to the left as described above, and runs southwards through the marshy plain across the Cheimarrhus to Lerna. [LERNA.] (Paus. ii. 36. § 6, seq.) After leaving Lerna, the road passes by Genesium [GENESIUM], and the place called Apobathmi [APOBATHMI], where Danaus is said to have landed, in the neighbourhood of the modern village of Kyvéri. To the S. of Kyvéri begins the rugged road across the mountains, anciently called

Anigraea (Avrypaîa), running along the west into the plain of Thyrea. [CYNURIA.] (Paus. ii. 38. §4, seq.) Shortly before descending into the Thyreatic plain, the traveller arrives opposite the Anávolos (Avásoλos), which is a copious source of fresh water rising in the sea, at a quarter of a mile from the narrow beach under the cliffs. Leake observed that it rose with such force as to form a convex surface, and to disturb the sea for several hundred feet round. It is evidently the exit of a subterraneous river of some magnitude, and thus corresponds with the Dine (Alvn) of the ancients, which, according to Pausanias (viii. 7. § 2), is the outlet of the waters of the Argon Pedion in the Mantinice. (Leake, vol. ii. p. 469, seq.; Ross, p. 148, seq.)

There were two other roads leading from Lerna, one along the coast to Nauplia, and the other across the country to Hysiae. On the former road, which is described by Pausanias, stood a small village called TEMENION (Tnuéviov), which derived its name from the Doric hero Temenus, who was said to have been buried here. It was situated on an isolated hillock between the mouths of the Inachus and the Erasinus, and on that part of the coast which was nearest to Argos. It was distant 26 stadia from Argos, and 15 from Nauplia. (Strab. viii. p. 368; Paus, ii. 38. § 1; Ross, p. 149, seq.) On the other road leading to Hysiae, which is not mentioned by Pausanias, stood Elaeus. [ELAEUS, No. 2.]

6. The road to Tiryns issued from the gate Dianpares. [TIRYNS.] From Tiryns there were three roads, one leading to Nauplia [NAUPLIA], a second in a south-easterly direction past Asine [ASINE] to Troezen, and a third in a more easterly direction to Epidaurus. Near the last of these roads Midea appears to have been situated. [MIDEA.]

7. The road leading to the Heraeum, or temple of Hera, issued from the gate between the gates Diampares and Eileithyia.

II. Argos, the City.

ARGOS (TO "Apyos), usually called ARGI (-orum) by the Romans, was situated about three miles from the sea, in the plain which has already been described. Its citadel, called Larisa or Larissa, the Pelasgic name for a citadel (Aápioa, Aápioσa, Paus. ii. 23. § 8; Strab. viii. p. 370; Dionys. i. 21), was a striking object, being built on an insulated conical mountain of 900 feet in height, with steep rocky sides, diversified with grassy slopes. (Mure, vol. ii. p. 183.) A little to the E. of the town flowed the river Charadrus, a tributary of the Inachus. [See above, p. 200, b.]

According to the general testimony of antiquity, Argos was the most ancient city of Greece. It was originally inhabited by Pelasgians, and is said to have been built by the Pelasgic chief Inachus, or by his son Phoroncus, or by his grandson Argus. Phoroneus, however, is more commonly represented as its founder; and from him the city was called ãoTV

opwvikóv. (Paus. ii. 15. § 5.) The descendants of Inachus ruled over the country for nine generations; but Gelanor, the last king of this race, was deprived of the sovereignty by Danaus, who is said to have come from Egypt. From this Danaus was derived the name of Danai, which was applied to the inhabitants of the Argeia and to the Greeks in general. (Apollod. ii. 1.) Danaus and his two successors Lynceus and Abas ruled over the whole of the Argeia; but Acrisius and Proetus, the two sons of Abas, divided the territory between them,

the former ruling at Argos, and the latter at Tiryns. Perseus, the son of Danaë, and grandson of Acrisius, founded the city of Mycenae, which now became the chief city in the Argeia. (Paus. ii. 15. § 4, 16. $5; Apollod. ii. 2.) Eurystheus, the grandson of Perseus, was succeeded in the kingdom of Mycenae by Atreus, the son of Pelops. The latter transmitted his power to his son or grandson Agamemnon, king of men," who exercised a kind of sovereignty over the whole of the Argeian territory, and a considerable part of Peloponnesus. Homer represents Mycenae as the first city in Peloponnesus, and Argos, which was then governed by Diomedes, as a subordinate place. Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, united under his sway both Argos and Mycenae, and subsequently Lacedaemon also, by his marriage with Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus. Under Orestes Argos again became the chief city in the Argeian territory. In the reign of his successor Tisamenus, the Dorians invaded Peloponnesus, expelled Tisamenus, and became the rulers of Argos. In the threefold division of Peloponnesus, among the descendants of Hercules, Argos fell to the lot of Temenus.

We now come to the first really historical event in the history of Argos. The preceding narrative belongs to legend, the truth of which we can neither deny nor affirm. We only know that before the Dorian invasion the Argeian territory was inhabited by Achaeans, who, at some period unknown to history, had supplanted the original Pelasgic population. [ACHAEL.] According to the common legend, the Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus at once, and drove out the Achaean population; but it is now generally admitted that the Dorians only slowly and gradually made themselves masters of the countries in which we find them subsequently settled; and we know in particular that in the Argeia, most of the towns, with the exception of Argos, long retained their original Achaean population.

Even after the Dorian conquest, Argos appears as the first state in Peloponnesus, Sparta being second, and Messene third. Herodotus states (i. 82), that in ancient times the whole eastern coast of Peloponnesus down to Cape Malea, including Cythera and the other islands, belonged to Argos; and the superiority of the latter is also indicated by the legend, which makes Temenus the eldest of the three Heracleids. The power of Argos, however, was not derived exclusively from her own territory, but also from the fact of her being at the head of a league of several other important Doric cities. Cleonae, Phlins, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, and Aegina were all members of this league, which was ostensibly framed for religious purposes, though it in reality gave Argos a political ascendency. This league, like others of the same kind, was called an Amphictyonia (Paus. iv. 5. § 2); and its patron god was Apollo Pythaeus. There was a temple to this god in each of the confederated cities, while his most holy sanctuary was on the Larissa, or acropolis of Argos. This league continued in existence even as late as B. C. 514, when the power of Argos had greatly declined, since we find the Argives in that year condemning both Sicyon and Aegina to pay a fine of 500 talents each, because they had furnished the Spartan king Cleomenes with ships to be employed against the Argeian territory. (Herod. vi. 92.) The religious supremacy continued till a later time; and in the Peloponnesian war the Argives still claimed offerings from the confederate states to the temple of

The great

comp. Müller, Dorians, i. 7. § 14.) power of Argos at an early period is attested by the history of Pheidon, king of Argos, who is represented as a lineal descendant of Temenus, and who reigned between B. C. 770 and 730. He attempted to establish his sway over the greater part of Peloponnesus, and, in conjunction with the Pisatans, he seized upon the presidency of the Olympic games in the 8th Olympiad (B. c. 747); but he was subsequently defeated by the Spartans and the Eleans. The details of his history are given elsewhere. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Pheidon.)

After the time of Pheidon the power of Argos gradually declined, and Sparta eventually became the first power in Peloponnesus. The two states had long contended for the possession of the district Cynuria or Thyreatis, which separated the frontiers of Laconia and Argos. Several battles between the Lacedaemonians and Argives are recorded at an early period, and particularly a victory gained by the latter near Hysiae, which is assigned to B. C. 669. (Paus. ii. 24. § 7.) But about B. c. 547 the Spartans obtained permanent possession of Cynuria by the memorable combat of the 300 champions, in which the Spartan Othryades earned immortal fame. (Herod. i. 82; Dict. of Biogr. art. Othryades.) But the great blow, which effectually humbled the power of Argos, and gave Sparta the undisputed pre-eminence in Peloponnesus, was dealt by the Spartan king Cleomenes, who defeated the Argives with such slaughter near Tiryns, that 6000 citizens perished in the battle and the retreat. (Herod. vi. 76, seq.) According to later writers, the city was only saved by the patriotism of the Argive women, who, headed by the poetess Telesilla, repulsed the enemy from the walls (Paus. ii. 20. § 8; Polyaen. viii. 33; Plut. de Virt. Mul. p. 245; Suid. s. v. TeλéoiλÀ¤); but we know, from the express statement of Herodotus, that Cleomenes never attacked the city. This great defeat occurred a few years before the Persian wars (comp. Herod. vii. 148), and deprived Argos so completely of men, that the slaves got the government into their own hands, and retained possession of it till the sons of those who had fallen were grown into manhood. It is further related, that when the young citizens had grown up, they expelled the slaves, who took refuge at Tiryns, where they maintained themselves for some time, but were eventually subdued. (Herod. vi. 83.) These slaves, as Müller has remarked (Dorians, iii. 4. § 2), must have been the Gymnesii or bondsmen who dwelt in the immediate neighbourhood of the city; since it would be absurd to suppose that slaves bought in foreign countries could have managed a Grecian state. The Argives took no part in the Persian wars, partly on account of their internal weakness, and partly through the jealousy of the Spartans; and they were even suspected of remaining neutral, in consequence of receiving secret offers from Xerxes. (Herod. vii. 150.) But even after the expulsion of the bondsmen, the Dorian citizens found theinselves compelled to give the citizenship to many of the Perioeci, and to distribute them in the immediate neighbourhood of the city. (Aristot. Pol. v. 2. § 8.) Further, in order to increase their numbers and their power, they also dispeopled nearly all the large cities in the surrounding country, and transplanted the inhabitants to Argos. In the Persian wars Tiryns and Mycenae were independent cities, which followed the command of Sparta without the consent of Argos