who had been posted in command of the cavalry on the left; and, when he learned that Cyrus had fallen in the battle, he took to flight, with all the troops which he had under his command.

The morning after the battle, a message from the king, couched in true Oriental terms of despotic arrogance, invited the Greeks to come to the royal palace unarmed and sue for mercy. Clearchus, seldom unequal to the occasion, spiritedly said that it was not for conquerors to give up their arms. There is something about Clearchus that captivates the interest of the reader. The impending tragedy of his fate lends a kind of pathos to the few incidents illustrating his character that still remain. Full of shifts as he was, he had to deal with a man whose duplicity, as being that of an Oriental, was an overmatch for the not too scrupulous_sagacity of the Greek. The wily Tissaphernes was soon to have

Clearchus in his toils.

Pha-li'nus, a plausible Greek in the service of Artaxerxes, was one of the present embassy from the king. He, addressing himself to Clearchus, said-but the passage-at-arms of witty reticence in which these two Greeks, Phalinus and Clearchus, now engaged, is too good to be reported otherwise than in the full text of Xenophon's narration :

"Your companions, O Clearchus, give each a different answer; and now tell us what you have to say." Clearchus then said, "I was glad to see you, O Phalinus, and so, I dare say, were all the rest of us; for you are a Greek, as we also are; and, being so many in number as you see, and placed in such circumstances, we would advise with you how we should act with regard to the message that you bring. Give us then, I entreat you by the gods, such advice as seems to you most honorable and advantageous, and such as will bring you honor in time to come, when it is related that Phalinus, being once sent from the king to require the Greeks to deliver up their arms, gave them, when they consulted him, such and such counsel; for you know that whatever counsel you do give, will necessarily be reported in Greece."

Clearchus craftily threw out this suggestion, with the desire that the very person who came as an envoy from the king should advise them not

to deliver up their arms, in order that the Greeks might be led to conceive better hopes. But Phalinus, adroitly evading the appeal, spoke, contrary to his expectation, as follows: If, out of ten thousand hopeful chances, you have any single one of saving yourselves by continuing in arms against the king, I advise you not to deliver up your arms; but if you have not a single hope of safety in opposing the king's pleasure, I advise you to save yourselves in the only way in which it is possible." Clearchus rejoined: "Such, then, is your advice; but on our part return this answer, that we are of opinion that, if we are to be friends with the king, we shall be more valuable friends if we retain our arms, than if we surrender them to another; but that if we must make war against him, we should make war better if we retain our arms than if we give them up to another." Phalinus said, "This answer, then, we will report; but the king desired us also to inform you, that while you remain in this place a truce is to be considered as existing between him and you ; but, if you advance or retreat, there is to be war. Give us, therefore, your answer on this point also; whether you will remain here and a truce to exist, or whether I shall announce from you that there is war." Clearchus replied, "Report, therefore, on this point also, that our resolution is the same as that of the king." "And what is that?" said Phalinus. Clearchus replied, "If we stay here, a truce; but if we retreat or advance, war." Phalinus again asked him, "Is it a truce or war that I shall report ?" Clearchus again made the same answer: "A truce if we stay, and if we retreat or advance, war." But of what he intended to do he gave no intimation.

Tissaphernes palters with the Greeks under pretense of amicably escorting them home to Greece. He finally overreached Clearchus sufficiently to get him, with four other Greek generals, into his power. Then he sent them all captive to the king. They were beheaded. Twenty Greek captains Tissaphernes himself treacherously had massacred.

Xenophon pauses in his narrative to portray the characters of the five unfortunate Greek generals. The chapter is too well written, and too valuable as affording insight into the current and accepted moral and social ideas of the ancient Greeks not to be inserted in full:

One of them, Clearchus, by the general consent of all who were acquainted with him, appears to have been a man well qualified for war,

and extremely fond of military enterprise. For as long as the Lacedæmonians were at war with the Athenians, he remained in the service of his country; but when the peace took place, having induced his government to believe that the Thracians were committing ravages on the Greeks, and having gained his point, as well as he could, with the Eph'ori, he sailed from home to make war upon the Thracians that lie above the Chersone'sus and Perin'thus. But when the Ephori, after he was gone, having for some reason changed their mind, took measures to oblige him to turn back from the Isthmus, he then no longer paid obedience to their commands, but sailed away to the Hel'les-pont, and was` in consequence, condemned to death, for disobedience, by the chief magistrates at Sparta. Being then an exile, he went to Cyrus; and by what methods he conciliated the favor of Cyrus has been told in another place. Cyrus presented him with ten thousand darics; and he, on receiving that sum, did not give himself up to idleness, but having collected an army with the money, made war upon the Thracians, and conquered them in battle, and from that time plundered and laid waste their country, and continued this warfare till Cyrus had need of his army, when he went to him, for the purpose of again making war in concert with him.

These seem to me to have been the proceedings of one fond of war, who, when he might have lived in peace without disgrace or loss, chose war in preference; when he might have spent his time in idleness, voluntarily underwent toil for the sake of military adventure; and when he might have enjoyed riches in security, chose rather, by engaging in warfare, to diminish their amount. He was, indeed, led by inclination to spend his money in war, as he might have spent it in pursuits of gallantry, or any other pleasure; to such a degree was he fond of war. He appears also to have been qualified for military undertakings, as he liked perilous adventure, was ready to march day and night against the enemy, and was possessed of great presence of mind in circumstances of difficulty, as those who were with him on all such occasions were universally ready to acknowledge.

For commanding troops he was said to be qualified in as great a degree as was consistent with his temper; for he was excelled by no one in ability to contrive how an army might have provisions, and to procure them; and he was equally fitted to impress on all around him the necessity of obeying Clearchus. This he effected by severity; for he was of a stern countenance and harsh voice; and he always punished violently, and sometimes in anger, so that he occasionally repented of what he had done. He punished, too, on principle, for he thought that there

could be no efficiency in an army undisciplined by chastisement. He is also reported to have said that a soldier ought to fear his commander more than the enemy, if he would either keep guard well, or abstain from doing injury to friends, or march without hesitation against foes. In circumstances of danger, accordingly, the soldiers were willing to obey him implicitly, and wished for no other leader; for they said that the sternness in his countenance then assumed an appearance of cheerfulness, and that what was severe in it seemed undauntedness against the enemy; so that it appeared indicative of safety, and not of austerity. But when they were out of danger, and were at liberty to betake themselves to other chiefs, they deserted him in great numbers; for he had nothing attractive in him, but was always forbidding and repulsive, so that the soldiers felt toward him as boys toward their master. Hence it was that he never had any one who followed him out of friendship and attachment to his person; though such as followed him from being appointed to the service by their country, or from being compelled by want or other necessity, he found extremely submissive to him. And when they began under his command to gain victories over the enemy, there were many important circumstances that concurred to render his troops excellent soldiers; for their perfect confidence against the enemy had its effect, and their dread of punishment from him rendered them strictly observant of discipline. Such was his character as a commander. But he was said to have been by no means willing to be commanded by others. When he was put to death he was about fifty years of age.

Prox'enus the Boeotian, from his earliest youth, felt a desire to become a man capable of great undertakings; and through this desire paid Gorgias of Leon'tium for instruction. When he had passed some time with him, and thought himself capable of command, and, if honored with the friendship of the great, of making no inadequate return for their favors, he proceeded to take a part in this enterprise with Cyrus; and expected to acquire in it a great name, extensive influence, and abundant wealth. But, though he earnestly wished for these things, he at the same time plainly showed that he was unwilling to acquire any of them by injustice, but that he thought he ought to obtain them by just and honorable means, or otherwise not at all.

He was, indeed, able to command orderly and well-disposed men, but incapable of inspiring ordinary soldiers with either respect or fear for him; he stood even more in awe of those under his command than they of him, and evidently showed that he was more afraid of being disliked by his soldiers than his soldiers of being disobedient to him. He thought

it sufficient both for being, and appearing, capable of command, to praise him who did well, and withhold his praise from the offender. Such, therefore, of his followers, as were of honorable and virtuous character, were much attached to him; but the unprincipled formed designs upon him as a man easy to manage. He was about thirty years old when he was put to death.

As for Menon the Thessalian, he ever manifested an excessive desire for riches, being desirous of command that he might receive greater pay, and desirous of honors that he might obtain greater perquisites; and he wished to be well with those in power, in order that when he did wrong he might not suffer punishment. To accomplish what he desired, he thought that the shortest road lay through perjury, falsehood, and deceit ; while sincerity and truth he regarded as no better than folly. He evidently had no affection for any man; and as for those to whom he professed to be a friend, he was unmistakably plotting mischief against them. He never ridiculed an enemy, but always used to talk with his associates as if ridiculing all of them. He formed no designs on the property of his enemies (for he thought it difficult to take what belonged to such as were on their guard against him), but looked upon himself as the only person sensible how very easy it was to invade the unguarded property of friends.

Those whom he saw given to perjury and injustice he feared as men well armed; but sought to practice on those who were pious and observant of truth as imbeciles. As another might take a pride in religion and truth and justice, so Menon took a pride in being able to deceive, in devising falsehoods, in sneering at friends; and thought the man who was guileless was to be regarded as deficient in knowledge of the world. He believed that he must conciliate those in whose friendship he wished to stand first, by calumniating such as already held the chief place in their favor. The soldiers he tried to render obedient to him by being an accomplice in their dishonesty. He expected to be honored and courted, by showing that he had the power and the will to inflict the greatest injuries. When any one deserted him, he spoke of it as a favor on his own part that, while he made use of his services, he did not work his destruction.

As to such parts of his history as are little known, I might, if I were to speak of them, say something untrue of him; but those which every one knows are these. While yet in the prime of youth he obtained, at the hands of Ar'is-tip'pus, the command of his corps of mercenaries. He was also, in his prime, most intimate with Ariæus, though a Barbarian, as Ariæus delighted in beautiful youths. He himself, too, while