uræi, hearts, emblems of stability, and various other stamped ornaments, all taken from mummies.

Next to the mummies of human beings come the mummies of animals, which were very common in ancient Egypt, and have been found by modern travellers in great abundance. They are to be found in this room, chiefly in Cases 52-58 and 60.

There are a considerable variety of these mummied animals, as cynocephali or dog-headed baboons, cats, bulls, rams, the ibis, crocodiles, snakes, &c.

Cases 52, 53 contain specimens of mummies of cynocephali or dog-headed baboons, animals which were sacred to Ioh-Thoth and Khons-ioh, and which were chiefly worshipped at Hermopolis, mummies of jackals, or dogs with long upright ears, the emblems of Anubis, the head of a dog enveloped in bandages, and a similar head unrolled. Div. 3 contains various mummies of cats, the males of which animals were considered to be emblems of the sun, and the females of Pasht, or Bubastis, the lion or cat-headed Deity. At Abouseir there are pits full of mummies of this animal, from which place many of the specimens in this case have been procured. There is also a wooden case, in the shape of a cat, seated on a pedestal, some specimens of cat-mummies which have been unrolled, several figures of cats which have been used as emblems of Pasht, and a pedestal of a cat, in the shape of the hieroglyphical name, Bast.

Cases 54, 55 contain mummies of bulls, consisting of the head and some of the principal bones, and having on the forehead the triangular mark of Apis, to whom all cattle were sacred :—of gazelles, which were considered impure animals, and the emblems of Typhon and the Typhonian divinities:—of a small ram, which was sacred to Amen-ra, and of which only the head and some of the bones are preserved:-heads of rams, some unrolled and some in bandages :—and the head of a sheep.

Cases 56, 57 contain mummies of the sacred Ibis, with various bones and eggs of the same bird, and several conical pots, with their covers, in which are preserved similar mummies. Many of these objects were presented to the National Collection by Sir J. G. Wilkinson.

Case 58 contains mummies of crocodiles, the emblems of Sevek, or Sabak, one of which has been unrolled :-mummies of snakes, or siluri, the emblems of Isis, some in the shape of cakes, with meander patterns, and some simply oval cakes:-a rectangular case, with a lizard at the top, and two small rings, with which was found the

skeleton of a small snake, which lies near it :-a rectangular case, with a hawk-headed uræus snake at the top, which has once held some animal mummy.

Case 60 contains several mummies of snakes, bandaged up in the form of oval cakes, like those in the preceding cases, together with the mummies of different fish, some bandaged and some unrolled.

Having now given a separate description of those portions of the large collection of Egyptian objects contained in this room which we consider to be of the most importance, and to require the fullest notice, we shall proceed to take the remaining objects in the order in which they are at present arranged in the cases, considering that on the whole this method will be more convenient to those who may make use of this hand-book, than if we were to attempt a scientific classification of the different subjects. We may premise that the contents of the cases comprise generally small statues, objects of household furniture, portions of the dress and objects of the toilet of the ancient people, vases, lamps, agricultural implements, weapons, inscriptions, instruments of writing and painting, boxes, baskets, musical instruments, and objects relating to weaving. Of these we shall notice a few of the most remarkable.

Cases 12, 13 contain numerous specimens of small statues and fragments in bronze, stone, and wood. Of these we may notice a small statue of Phtahmai, a bard and Royal scribe of the tables of all the gods, kneeling and holding a tablet with the prenomen of Rameses II. (Sesostris) and various emblems :-a priest kneeling, holding in his hand a bowl on which are five cakes of bread :-an altar of libation, with vases and cakes, at each corner of which, in front, is a hawk, and behind, two cynocephali, having on their heads the disk of the moon, with a small figure kneeling between them a frog with a hole between his legs serves for a spout :-Seveknasht, the son of Eiaô, walking, having in each hand a cylindrical roll, and on his head the claft, with his name inscribed on his right foot-a male figure walking, with a conical cap, disk, and horns on his head, and a long sash which descends from the apex of the cap to the feet:a female walking, holding a calf, slung round her neck by its four feet, and holding in her right hand an oryx or gazelle by the horns :—a female, lying on a couch in a long close tunic, with her head on a head-rest, and a child placed transversely under her legs :-hands and arms carved on one side only for inlaying :—fragments of legs and arms, from figures inscribed with the names and

titles of Amenophis I. and III., Rameses II. and IX., from the temple of Athor, at Sarabout al Khadem, in the peninsula of Mount Sinai.

Cases 14-19 contain numerous articles of household furniture, with other large objects, such as stools and chairs of various kinds, one with four legs moving on a bronze pivot, and terminating in the head of a goose inlaid with ivory, the seat having been of maroon-coloured leather ::-a high-backed chair on lion-footed legs, the back inlaid with darker coloured wood and ivory, the seat of cord :-legs and feet from chairs :-uls or uols, rests for the head, the legs of one of them placed crosswise: -a cushion stuffed with the feathers of water-fowl :—fragments from the propylon of the brick Pyramid of Dashour, one of which contains part of a royal cartouche :-a cramp, bearing on it the name of Seti-Menephthah I. (Sethos I.), B.C. 1604-1579:-keys and hinges :-the capital of a column with lotus flowers :-small tiles, part of the inlaying of a door in a pyramid at Sakhara, in dark blue porcelain :—a model of a house, square at the base, and slightly converging towards the top, in calcareous stone :—a model of a granary and yard; at the end of the roof is a covered shed, in which a man is seated; in the yard is a female making bread, and on one side of the kneading trough is an inscription in the hieratic character:—a wig of human hair, from the upper part of which, which is curled, depend long and tightly-plaited locks. Wigs of this description appear on the heads of the female musicians in the fresco paintings of this collection, and on other persons of high rank:-the basket in which the wig was contained, the sides of which are of the kash or writing reed, and the frame-work of sticks bound together by papyrus :-a threelegged stand or table, on which is painted the uræus coiled upon the basket, and other objects, with a dedication to Paihri or Phaihroupi :—and a number of portions of the following deities, Pasht, Num or Cnouphis, Horus, Thoth, Isis or Nephthys, Amset, Hapi, Kebhsnauf, and Sioutmautf.

Cases 20, 21 contain various objects relating to dress and the toilet, as pieces of net-work :-a workman's apron :-an Egyptian sleeveless tunic:-a basket in which this tunic was found:-cases with four cylindrical holes to hold sthem or stibium, a metallic colour for staining, one ofthem bearing the name and titles of Amenones, a Royal scribe-a cylindrical reed-case for stibium, bearing the name in front of the King Amentuankh, and his wife Anchsen-amen :a case for stibium, representing a monkey standing erect, grasping in both hands a cylinder, with its cover of wood :-other vessels for the

same purpose, with the head attire of Pnebto, the son of Horus, in the shape of Khons, standing erect, and in the form of a naked Typhonian figure :-mirrors of various kinds, one with a handle in the shape of a lotus sceptre, and the head of Athor; another with wooden handles, one terminating in the hawk head of a Deity, the other in a standing position, with the right symbolic eye; and a third with a handle of porcelain, in form of a lotus sceptre, and the name of Mentuemha, the son of Hekheth :-Chinese vases said to have been found in Egyptian tombs, one bearing an inscription in writing-hand, presented by Sir Gardner Wilkinson :— hair-pins, combs, shoes with round toes, ancle and fore-straps, most of them for children, and sandals of various sizes, some with the high peaks which were worn during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties.

Cases 22-25 contain lamps of various kinds, the especial uses of which it is not easy to determine; some appearing in the hieroglyphical texts to have been appropriated to particular substances, as wax, wine, liquids, &c., and others of smaller and more elegant forms for unguents, perfumes, &c. The coarser and larger specimens appear to have been chiefly for domestic uses, such as the holding wine, eatables, &c. Among these are two vases in Case 22, one of which has in front the prenomen Merenra, standard, and titles of a King prior to the Twelfth Dynasty; and another those of Ra-nofrekah, or Neperebeus, of an old Dynasty assumed by Sabaco, the first King of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty :-a circular table on which are eight vases of various forms, all inscribed with the names and titles of Atkai :—a slab with the following objects: two bottle and four crucible-formed vases; a peculiar object bifurcate at one end; and a piece of basalt :-the cover of a vase, inscribed with the prenomen of Amenophis II. of the Eighteenth Dynasty :-a large vase with the name of the King Un-as or Hennas, supposed by some to be Obnos or Onnos of the Fifth Dynasty :-a jar or vase containing the names and titles of Amenertais, a Queen of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty :-a fragment of a vase or box, inscribed with the prenomen of Amasis II. of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and ornamented with winged animals in the Assyrian style :-vases in the shape of a hedgehog and an ibis :—various fragments of handles and other portions of vases, having on them the names and titles of Thothmes III. and his sister, the Queen of Amenophis III., Rameses II. or III., and the title of the Goddess Athor, Mistress of the copper mines; all which were procured from the temple of Athor at the Sarabout Al-Khadem: a bowl with the names and

titles of Rameses II. (Sesostris), a band of flowers, and calix and petals of the lotus:-vases with flat circular bodies, and necks of lotus flowers, apes, and ôshks, with invocations to Amen, Phtah, Nefer-Atum, Neith, and Pasht, on the lateral bands:-vases for libations and four ampullæ, each inscribed with a single line in hieratic.

Cases 28-32 contain various bowls and cups, one a Diota, having in front Onouris or Mars brandishing his sword, of grotesque proportions :-a vase in form of a female playing on the guitar, and containing some viscous fluid :—a vase slightly cylindrical issuing from a flower, and decorated with the feathers of Osiris and other symbols-vases in the shape of a lamp lying down, of the fish Latus, and of gourds, respectively :-bowls with figures of Amen-ra, Har, Atmen, Tefne, Seb, Netpe, Osiris, Isis, Thoth, and Nephthys, with the back of Ra :—and lamps, having some a toad in basrelief; others, an eagle, the head of a boar, a bunch of grapes, two children, palm leaves, &c., and one bearing the inscription, coλoyía Θεοῦ χαρὶς, and another τοῦ ̔Αγίου Κυριακος.

Cases 33-35 contain miscellaneous vessels of bronze, agricultural implements, viands, &c., some of which are very remarkable. Among these are a bucket, having on it in outline Osiris-Tattou, Isis, and Nephthys, pouring libations to the soul of the deceased Petamen; and Petamen seated on a chair, beneath which is a cynocephalus; his son Pasht Khons stands by him and offers him a libation and incense; on the base are the calix and petals of the lotus:—a similar bucket, on which is Har or Hôr, a deceased priest of Amen, adoring Osiris, Har-si-esi, Isis, and Nephthys, and Har or Hôr receiving offering from his son Petamen :-another bucket, on which is Osiris Pethempamentes seated, behind whom stand Har-hat Isis in a tree, and Nephthys. Before Osiris is a priest holding incense, and pouring a libation upon an altar. The hieroglyphical text contains adorations to the deities of Har-hat, for the deceased Rameses, prophet-priest. Above is a band of stars :— a simpulum, with handles terminating in the head and neck of a goose:—a rectangular table, with a projection on the two sides, and in front the name of Atai or Atkai; on it are several vessels, apparently models of utensils. The table is perforated to receive some of the vessels:-lamps, with the handle of one formed by the head of a dog issuing from a lotus calyx, and with a jerboa on the cover of another :-a rectangular stand of two stages, composed of papyrus, supported at each corner by a column of cane; on each of which stages is a small duck trussed, and at the bottom circular