CANNON, ETC, Antique.-1. French six-pound false culverin (1550). 2. French ammunition cart (15, 5. German twenty-five pound mortar (1800). 6. Storming-key (1680). 7. German fire-shield (1) cartridge-carriage (1720). 13. German twenty-pound mortar with carriage. 14. Fire-bomb. culverin (1550). 18. German falconet (1740). 19-21. Concentric, eccentric and explosive bo 26. Rammer. 27. Fuse. 28. Spike. 29. Swipe. 30. Charge-drawer. 31. Ball-extractor. 36. Danish iron gun carriage for forts (1713). 37. Hot-shot with anchor. 38. Anchor-ball. S cross. 44. Fire-ball. 45. Explosive-ball. 46. German twelve-pound field-piece. 47. Powder 51. French field-piece (1750). 52. Prussian ten-pound howitzer (1812). 53. Cartridge. 54. Wa piece, with cast-iron carriage (1713). 58. Ball-cartridge. 59. Shot-cartridge. 60. Prussian pe 64, 65. Percussion shells. 06. Prussian shrapnell-shell. 67. Whitworth's shell. 68. French side-chambers (1680). 72. Prussian twenty-five pound howitzer. 73. Wooden mold for fire-ba

560). 3. French twenty-pound mortar. 4. German eighteen-pound mortar (the "Elephant," 1565). 620). 8. German battle-chariot (1620). 9. Pile of balls. 10, 11. Chain and stem-shot. 12. Danish 15. German sectional shield-piece (1680). 16. German twenty-pound culverin (1550). 17. French mbs. 22. Italian bombarde (1500). 23. Italian mortaro (1500). 24. Sponge. 25. Loading-shovel.

32. Double-barbed spear. 33. Storming spear. 34. Storming club. 35. Storming wreath. 9. Fire-jug. 40. Fire-ball. 41. Gun-cartridge. 42. Forty-pound cannon of Charles V. 43. Firearrel. 48. Prussian twelve-pound field-piece (1812). 49. Petard. 50. German breech-loader (1550) d. 55. Bag-cartridge. 56. German cannon with oval lumen (1680). 57. Danish three-pound field-. ptard-rocket. 61. Rocket with side-staff. 62. Rocket without staff. 63. Krupp 1000-pound gun. mountain-piece (1680), and quadrants. 69. Drag. 70. Block-chassis. 71. French mortar with alls. 74. Fusee. 75-77. Tin fusees. 78. French brake (1818). 79, Trangree cart, 80, Quadrant.

Canoe.

The mortar, which was introduced about the commencement of the 14th c., appears to have been not only the most ancient form of cannon, but the first European fire-arm as well. From the beginning of the 15th c., cannon were cast in bronze, and some of great size are stated to have been used at the siege of Constantinople in 1463. Probably hand cannon of cast-iron date as far back as bronze guns, and at any rate we know that large and excellent cannon were made of cast-iron in the early part of the 16th c., they. having been used at Flodden, and England having even then acquired a reputation for this kind of ordnance. See FIRE-ARMS. Cannon founding has therefore been practiced for nearly 500 years, and although the art is now to all appearance doomed to decay, no one can predict, in these days of metallurgical wonders, what further change improvements in the manufacture of iron and steel may bring about as respects the making of large fire-arms. In order that the cast guns made on the old system may still be available for some purposes in modern warfare, col. Hay Campbell, some years ago, proposed a plan for lining bronze, and sir W. Palliser another for lining cast-iron cannon with a tube of wrought-iron. Some have been transformed on the Palliser system, which consists in boring a certain thickness off the old gun, and forcing a coiled wrought-iron barrel into the interior, and are said to have given very remarkable results as regards endurance.

Certain peculiarities in the manufacture of special kinds of ordnance are noticed in the articles relating to them. See WAR-SERVICES.

CANNONSBURG. See CANONSBURG.

CANNSTADT, a t. of Würtemberg, beautifully situated on the Neckar, about 3 m. n.e. of Stuttgart. It owes its origin to the Romans, of whose presence there are still found many traces. It has numerous mineral springs, discharging 800,000 cubic ft. of water in 24 hours, which are much frequented during the season; manufactures of woolens, cottons, tobacco, etc.; and a large trade by means of the Neckar. Pop. ('75) 15,065.

CANNSTADT, or KANNSTADT (ante), a t. in Wurtemberg, 2 m. n.e. of Stuttgart, in a fertile and populous part of the country, and now one of the most flourishing towns in Germany. Among its public buildings are a cathedral of the 15th c., a town hall, the royal theater, market house, etc. The Wilhelm palace, built in 1842-51, for king William, is a fine specimen of elaborate Saracenic architecture. The more important industries are spinning, cotton-weaving, dyeing, and the manufacture of machinery. The mineral springs, about 40 in number, attract a large temporary population of those who suffer from dyspepsia and nervous weakness. In the hill of Seilberg, near by, are caverns in which many fossils are preserved. Down to the middle of the 15th c., C. was the capital of Wurtemberg. Pop. '80, 16,020.

CA NO, ALONSO, an illustrious Spanish painter, the founder of the school of Granada, in which city he was born, Mar., 1601. He received his first instructions in the principles of art from his father, Miguel Cano, who was an architect; studied sculpture under J. Montanes, and painting under Pacheco and Juan de Castillo; and attained celebrity so early, that, in 1638 or 1639, he was appointed court painter and architect to the king. C. was of a hasty temper, and was accused of having murdered his wife in a fit of violent jealousy, but the accusation appears to have been quite groundless. He was, however, subjected to the torture; but no confession having been elicited, he was acquitted and received again into the royal favor, named residentiary of Granada, and spent his last years in acts of devotion and charity. He died at Granada in 1664 or 1667. In the opinion of Fuseli, he excelled all his contemporaries except Velasquez. His eminence in the three departments of the fine arts-sculpture, painting, and architecture-obtained for him the hyperbolical honor of being called the Michael Angelo of Spain. His pictures, marked by graceful design and pleasing coloring, are very numerous, and are preserved in Granada, Seville, Madrid, Malaga, and other Spanish cities.

CANO, ALONZO, 1601-65: a Spanish painter, called by his countrymen the "Michael Angelo of Spain." His master-piece is said to be the "Conception of the Virgin" in the church of San Diego, in Granada. He was a contemporary of Velasquez, and was court painter to Philip IV. He was a man of violent temper, and was once tried (but acquitted) on a charge of having killed his wife, when the judges who put him to torture, exempted his right arm from the rack, because of its surpassing skill in art. In statuary his famous works are a Madonna and Child, and colossal figures of San Pedro and San Pablo.

CANO, or CANUS, MELCHIOR, 1523-60; a Spanish theologian and bishop, professor at Salamanca. By reason of his violent opposition to the establishment of the Jesuits in Spain, he was sent to the Canaries, but by the king's influence, was soon afterwards permitted to return, and became provincial of the Dominican order.

*

CANOE is a boat made of a hollow trunk of a tree, or of the bark shaped and

*The word is sometimes said to have been borrowed by the Spaniards from the native Indian name of such boats. But a similar name exists in the Aryan languages: Ger. kahn, a boat; old Fr. cane, a ship, and canot, a boat. The root of these words is the same as that of cane (Lat. canna), a reed or hollow stem, and signifies hollowness, capacity; Gr. chaino, to gape or yawn. From the same root come cann, a drinking cup; cannon (Ital. cannone, properly a large tube, being an augmentative from canna, a hollow stem or tube); canon (Gr.) a ruler or straight rod, most readily obtained from a joint of a reed; canal (Lat. canalis, a pipe or conduit).

Canon.

strengthened. Canoes have been made large enough to carry twenty or thirty hogs heads of sugar. Some have decks, and carry sail of rush or silk-grass; but they are generally open boats, rowed by paddles, and steered by an oar. They are seldom wide enough for two men to sit abreast, but vary greatly in length. Near sea-coasts, canoes are often made of light wooden-frames, covered with seal-skins, which are also drawn across as a deck, with only a hole left for one man to sit in. In the Hudson Bay territories, canoes are used which are light enough to be carried over the portages, or portions of rivers too shallow for navigation. Canoes, hollowed out of the trunks of oaks, seem to have been in use among the early inhabitants of the British islands. They have been dug up in considerable numbers in England, Scotland, and Ireland. They appear to have been chiefly of two sorts-one about 10 ft. long, with square ends, and projecting handles; the other, about 20 ft. long, sometimes sharp at both ends, sometimes round at the prow and square at the stern.

CANON, a word originally Greek, and signifying a measuring-rod (see CANOE-footnote), applied in various arts and sciences to what serves for a rule or standard, but particularly employed to designate collectively those books which constitute the Holy Scripture, and are accepted by Christians as a rule of faith. See BIBLE. In ecclesiastical language, the word canon signifies, besides, not only a church-precept, but also the decree of a universal council, which is held valid as law. See CANON LAW. At one period the word was used to designate the prayers which the Roman Catholic priests said before, at, and after the consecration of the Host; the term is also employed to denote the catalogue or register of Catholic saints.

CANON, an ecclesiastical dignitary, so called as living under a rule, or as following the rule or canon of divine service. His office is of no great antiquity. According to Paschier, the name was not known before Charlemagne. This, however, is not precisely true, for the term C. was applied in the 4th c. to cenobites living under a common rule; but the office of C. is supposed to have been first instituted by Chrodegand or Chrodegang, bishop of Metz, in 763. It is at least certain that he was the author of the oldest canonical rule, which was simply an adaptation of the monastic rule (commonly but erroneously attributed to St. Augustine) to the priests and "clerks" specially attached to the service of a cathedral or other church. It enjoined on the canons manual labor, the practice of silence at certain times, confession twice a year, and other duties needless to specify. The canons formed the council of the bishop, and assisted him in the government of his diocese. They lived in a house called a monastery, slept in a common room, ate at the same table, and were originally supported out of the episcopal revenues. In 816, Louis le Débonnaire induced the council of Aix-la-Chapelle to draw up a general rule for the whole body of canons. Canons found their way not long afterwards into England, Scotland, and Ireland. Various reforms of C. were made in the 11th and beginning of the 12th century. Gradually, however, many began to emancipate themselves from the restrictions of monastic life, and to live independent of any rule, which is not at all surprising, for the canons were wont to keep apart from the lower clergy," as they called parish priests and others who really labored to impart religious instruction. They were often of noble families, loved titles-at Lyon, they were called counts-and in general were men of the world rather than true churchmen. Some of these reformed or remodeled canons were called black canons, from wearing a black cassock; white canons, from wearing a white habit like the Præmonstratenses of Picardy in France. The class of secular canons, whose manner of life was not conventual, and who therefore escaped destruction in England when the monasteries were abolished by Henry VIII., probably originated in a tendency to relax the severity of rule enjoined on the regulars, which indeed was hardly less stringent than in the case of ordinary monks. Secular canons still exist in the Anglican church, and their duties—making allowance for the difference between the Roman Catholic and Protestant religions-are much the same in kind as they were before the reformation. See CATHEDRAL.

CANON, in music, a kind of fugue in which not merely a certain period or phrase is to be imitated or answered, but the whole of the first part with which the C. begins is imitated throughout by all the other parts. As in fugues, the melody of the part to be imitated is called the subject, and the others its reply. The C. is the highest degree of mechanical musical contrivance. The ancients spent more time in the construction and resolving of mere puzzling and unentertaining canons, than in the cultivation of good harmony and melody. Good canons, however, are alway interesting, and different from any other composition. For a full treatment of the method of writing a C., see Marpurg's Abhandlung von der Fuge (Peters, Leipsic).

CAÑON (Sp. a 'tube"), used in the western states and territories to designate a deep ravine, especially if worn down by running streams. Of late the word is often spelled canyon. There are many cañons in the Rocky mountain region and further westward; but the greatest is the Grand Cañon of the Colorado, which is more than 300 m. long, with nearly perpendicular walls from 3,000 to 7,000 ft. high. Through this awful gorge the river flows, now down swift declines, now in peaceful pools, or long stretches of navigable water.