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Richard Newton, formerly a Westminster student of Christ | John Forest, who also built the hall. Among the eminent Church, became principal, and in 1740, in spite of opposition associates of this college was John Wesley, fellow 1726-1751. from Exeter, he obtained a charter establishing Hertford as a Magdalen College (pronounced Maudlen; in full, St Mary college. The foundation, however, did not prosper, and by an Magdalen) was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete, bishop inquisition of 1816 it was declared to have lapsed in 1805. With of Winchester and lord chancellor of England. In 1448 he had part of its property the university was able to endow the Hertford obtained the patent authorizing the foundation of Magdalen Hall. scholarship in 1834. Magdalen Hall, which had become inde- In the college he provided for a president, 40 fellows, 30 demies,' pendent of the college of that name in 1602, acquired the site and and, for the chapel, chaplains, clerks and choristers. To the buildings of the dissolved Hertford College and occupied them, college he attached a grammar-school with a master and usher. but was itself dissolved in 1874, when its principal and scholars The foundation now consists of a president, from 30 to 40 were incorporated as forming the new Hertford College. An fellowships, of which 5 are attached to the Waynflete proendowment was provided by Thomas Charles Baring, then M.P. fessorships in the university, senior demies up to 8 and for South Essex, for 15 fellows and 30 scholars, 7 lecturers and junior demies up to 35 in number. The choir, &c., are dean and bursar. The foundation now consists of a principal, maintained, and the choral singing is celebrated. In order to 1y fellows and 40 scholars. Of the college buildings, which face found his college, Waynflete acquired the site and buildings of the those of the Bodleian library and border each side of New hospital of St John the Baptist, a foundation or refoundation College Lane, no part is earlier than Newton's time. Modern of Henry III. for a master and brethren, with sisters also, for buildings by T. G. Jackson (1903) incorporate remains of the "the relief of poor scholars and other miserable persons." The little early Perpendicular chapel of Our Lady at Smith Gate Magdalen buildings, which are among the most beautiful in (incorrectly called St Catherine's), which probably stood on the Oxford, have a long frontage on High Street, while one side rises outer side of the town ditch. There is a striking modern chapel. close to or directly above a branch of the river Cherwell. The Jesus College has always had an intimate association with chief feature of the front is the bell-tower, a structure which for Wales. Queen Elizabeth figures as its foundress in its charter grace and beauty of proportion is hardly surpassed by any other of 1571, but she was inspired by Hugh ap Rice (Price), a native of the Perpendicular period. It was begun in 1492, and comof Brecon, who endowed the college. The original foundation pleted in about thirteen years. From its summit a Latin hymn is was for a principal, 8 fellows and 8 scholars. It now consists of sung at five o'clock on May-day morning annually. Various suga principal and not less than 8 or more than 14 fellows, and there gestions have been made as to the origin of this custom; it are 24 foundation scholarships, besides other scholarships and may have been connected with the inauguration of the tower, but exhibitions, mainly on the foundation of Edmund Meyricke, a nothing is certainly known. The college is entered by a modern native of Merionethshire, who entered the college in 1656 and was gateway, giving access to a small quadrangle, at one corner of a fellow in 1662. Not only his scholarships but others also are which is an open pulpit of stone. This was connected with the restricted (unless in default of suitable candidates) to persons chapel of St John's Hospital, which was incorporated in the front born or educated in Wales, or of Welsh parentage. At Jesus, range of buildings. Adjoining this is the west front of the college as at Exeter, there are also some "King Charles I." scholarships chapel. This chapel was begun in 1474, but has been much for persons born or educated in the Channel Islands. The college altered, and the internal fittings are in the main excellent modern buildings face Turl Street; the front is an excellent reconstruc- work (1833 seq.). At the north-west corner of the entrance tion of 1856. The chapel dates from 1621, the hall from about quadrangle is a picturesque remnant of the later buildings of the same time, and the library from 1677, being erected at the Magdalen Hall. To the west is the modern St Swithun's quadexpense of the eminent principal (1661-1673) Sir Leoline Jenkins. rangle, the buildings of which were designed by G. F. Bodley He and his predecessor, Sir Eubule Thelwall (1621-1630), were and T. Garner, and begun in 1880, and to the west again a prominent in raising the college from an early period of depression. Perpendicular building erected for Magdalen College school in Keble College is modern; it received its charter in 1870. It 1849. To the east lies the main quadrangle, called the cloister was erected by subscription as a memorial to John Keble (q.v.). quadrangle, from the cloisters which surround it. These have Its stated object was to provide an academical education com- been in great part reconstructed, but in accordance with the bined with economical cost in living and a “training based upon plan of the time of the foundation. Above the west walk rises the principles of the Church of England." The college is governed the beautiful "founder's " tower, low and broad. On this side by a warden (who has full charge of the internal administration) also is the valuable library. The south walk is bounded by the and a council. There is a staff of tutors, and a number of scholar- chapel and the hall, which lie in line, adjoining each other. The ships and exhibitions on private foundations. The buildings lie hall is a beautiful room, improved in 1906 by the substitution of somewhat apart from other collegiate buildings towards the an open timber roof for one of plaster erected in the 18th century. north of the city, facing the university parks, which extend from The panelling dates mainly from 1541; there is a tradition that here down to the river Cherwell. They are from the designs the part at the west end came from the dissolved Reading Abbey. of William Butterfield, and are principally in variegated brick. A curious series of figures which surmount the buttresses on The chapel has an elaborate scheme of decoration in mosaic; three sides of the cloisters date from 1508-1509. Some are and the library contains a great number of books collected by apparently symbolical, others scriptural, others again heraldic. Keble, and Holman Hunt's picture, "The Light of the World." To the north of the cloister quadrangle (a garden with broad Lincoln College was founded in 1427 by Richard Flemyng, lawns intervening) stand the so-called New Buildings, a massive bishop of Lincoln. It was an outcome of the reaction against the classical range (1733). To the north and west of these extends doctrines of Wycliffe, of which the founder of the college, once the Grove or deer park, where the first deer were established their earnest supporter, was now an equally earnest opponent. probably c. 1720; to the east, across a branch of the Cherwell, He died (1431) before his schemes were fully carried out, and the is the meadow surrounded by Magdalen Walks, part of which college was struggling for existence when Thomas Rotherham, is called Addison's Walk after Joseph Addison (demy and while bishop of Lincoln and visitor of the college, reconstituted fellow). Perhaps the most notable period in the history of the and re-endowed it in 1478. The foundation consists of a rector, college is that of 1687-1688, when the fellows resisted James II.'s 12 fellows and 14 scholars. The buildings face Turl Street. The attempt to force a president upon them, in place of their own hall dates from 1436, but its wainscoting within was added in choice, John Hough (1651-1743), successively bishop of Oxford, 1701. The chapel, in the back quadrangle, is an interesting example of Perpendicular work of very late date (1630). The interior is wainscoted in cedar, and the windows are filled with Flemish glass introduced at the time of the building. There is a modern library building in a classic Jacobean style, completed in 1906; the collection of books was originated by Dean

1 Singular demy, the last syllable accented. They correspond to the scholars of other colleges. The name is derived from the fact that their allowance was originally half (demi-) that of fellows. 'Waynflete himself had founded three readerships, in natural and moral philosophy and in theology.

It actually faces about N.W.; the same deviation applies to other buildings described.

The

Lichfield, and Worcester. Cardinal Wolsey was a fellow of the | Wykeham designed an exclusive connexion between his Oxford college about the time when the bell-tower was building, but the college and his school at Winchester. This connexion is mainattribution of the design to him, or even of any active part in tained in a modified form. Wykeham's foundation was for a the erection, is not borne out by evidence. Among alumni of warden, and 70 fellows and scholars, with chaplains and a choir. the college were William Camden, Sir Thomas Bodley, John The present foundation consists of a warden, and not more than Hampden, at the time of whose matriculation (1610) Magdalen 36 fellows, while to the scholarships 6 elections are made was strongly Puritan, Joseph Addison, Dr Sacheverell, and for annually from Winchester and 4 from elsewhere. The choir is a short period Gibbon the historian. Mention should be made maintained, as at Magdalen. Five of the fellowships were of the eminent president, Martin Joseph Routh, who was elected attached to university professorships, of which three (logic, to the office in 1791, and held it till his death in his 100th year in ancient history and physics) are called Wykeham professorships. 1854. Magdalen College school had new buildings opened for it The buildings of New College remain in great measure as designed in 1894. by the founder, and illustrate the magnificence of his scheme. Merton College is of peculiar interest as regards its foundation, The main gateway tower fronts New College Lane. The chapel which is generally cited as the first on the present collegiate and hall stand in line (as at Magdalen), on the north side of the model. At some time before 1264 Walter de Merton, a native front quadrangle. The period of building was that of the developof Merton, Surrey, devoted estates in that county to the main- ment of the Perpendicular style. In shape the chapel was the tenance of scholars in Oxford. Thus far he followed an estab-prototype of a form common in Oxford, consisting of a choir, lished practice. In 1264 he founded at Malden a "house of with transepts forming an antechapel, but with no nave. scholars of Merton " for those who controlled the estates in the remarkable west window in monochrome was erected, c. 1783, interest of the scholars, who should study preferably at Oxford, from a design by Sir Joshua Reynolds. The reredos, with its though any centre of learning was open to them. By 1268 the tiers of figures in niches, had a history similar to that at All Oxford community had acquired the present site of the college; Souls, being plastered over in 1567. In the same way, too, it in 1270 new statutes laid down rules of living and study, and in was restored c. 1890; but previously James Wyatt had dis1274 the whole foundation was established under a final set of covered traces of the original, and had unsuccessfully attempted statutes at Oxford-i.e. the society ceased to be administered the restoration of the niches in plaster, carrying out also, as from the house in Surrey. The society was under a warden, and elsewhere in Oxford, other extensive alterations of which the certain other officers were established, but no limit was set on the obliteration was demanded by later taste. Portions of the old number of scholars. The foundation now consists of a warden, woodwork were incorporated in the excellent new work of 1879 from 19 to 26 fellows, and 20 or more postmasterships. The (Sir Gilbert Scott). In the chapel is preserved the beautiful postmasters of Merton correspond to the scholars of other pastoral staff of the founder, and there is a fine series of memorial colleges; they had their origin in the portionistae (i.e. founda- brasses, mainly of the 15th century, in the antechapel. To the tioners who had a smaller portion or emolument than fellows), west of the chapel are the cloisters, consecrated in 1400, and the instituted in 1380 on the foundation of John Wyllyot (fellow detached tower, a tall massive building on the line of the city wall. 1334, chancellor 1349). The college is adjacent to Corpus, with As already mentioned, a fine remnant of this wall adds to the its front upon Merton Street, and some of its buildings are of picturesqueness of the college garden. The hall was completed the highest interest, notably the chapel and library. The chapel in 1368, and has a Tudor screen and wainscoting. The garden consists of a choir and transepts with a tower at the crossing; quadrangle, the east side of which is open to the gardens, dates but a nave, though intended, was never built. The choir is of from 1682-1708. On the north side of the college precincts, the purest Decorated workmanship (dating probably from the facing Holywell Street, are extensive modern buildings by Sir last decade of the 13th century), with beautiful windows exhibit- G. G. Scott and B. Champneys. In 1642, when Oxford was playing most delicate tracery. The transepts show the appearance ing its prominent part in the Civil War, the tower and cloisters of of Perpendicular work, but there is also work of the earlier style New College became a royalist magazine. in them; the massive tower is wholly of the later period (c. 1450). The library, which lies on two sides of the so-called "mob" quadrangle, dates from 1377-1378, and was mainly the gift of William Rede, bishop of Chichester (1369-1386). It occupies two beautiful rooms and is of great interest from its early foundation and the preservation of its ancient character. The treasury is a small room coeval with the foundation, with a curious highpitched ashlar roof. The other buildings, which are of various dates, are mainly disposed about four quadrangles, including that of St Alban's Hall, which, possibly dating from the early part of the 15th century, was incorporated with Merton College in 1882. The college hall retains an original door with fine ironwork, but the building is in great part modernized. A beautiful garden lies east of the buildings, being separated from the meadows to the south by part of the old city wall. Modern buildings (1907) have a frontage upon Merton Street; others (1864) overlook the meadows. Traditionally the names of Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus and Wycliffe have been associated with this college. Anthony Wood (1632-1695), the antiquary and historian of the university, was a postmaster of the college. New College was founded by William of Wykeham in 1379. The founder's name for it, which it still bears in its corporate title, is the College of St Mary of Winchester. But there was already a St Mary's College (Oriel). Wykeham's house thus soon became known as the New College, and the substantive is still retained in the ordinary speech of the university, whereas in mentioning the titles of other colleges it is generally omitted. 1 He was chancellor of the kingdom in 1261-1263, and again in 1272-1274. justiciar in 1271 and bishop of Rochester in 1274. He died in 1277.

Oriel College was founded by Edward II. in 1326. The originator of the scheme and the prime mover in it was Adam de Brome, the king's almoner, who in 1324 had obtained royal licence to found a college; but in 1326 he surrendered his rights to the king, who issued charter and statutes, and created Brome the first provost. This foundation was for a provost and 10 fellows, but a number of bequests extending over nearly a century from 1445 enabled additional fellowships to be established. The foundation, however, now consists of the provost, 12 fellows and 2 professorial fellows, with at least 12 scholars and a number of exhibitioners. St Mary Hall, which had been the manse of St Mary's church, was given with the church to the college by the founder, and was opened as a hall with a principal of its own. It was, however, incorporated with the college in 1902. Oriel College was dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, and the name by which it is now known appears first in 1349. It was derived from a tenement called La Oriole (but the origin of this name is unknown), which had occupied part of the college site, had belonged to Eleanor of Provence, wife of Edward I., and had been given by her to her chaplain, James of Spain (Jacobus de Ispania). The buildings of Oriel, which face Oriel Street, are not coeval with the foundation. The first quadrangle, with its elaborate battlements, dates from 16201637. The inner quadrangle has buildings of 1719, 1729 and later dates. The modern extension on Cecil Rhodes's foundation faces High Street. Early in the 19th century a number of eminent men associated with Oriel gave the college its wellknown connexion with the "Oxford Movement." Edward Copleston, elected fellow in 1795, became provost in 1814In 1811 John Keble and Richard Whately were elected fellows,

the one from Corpus; the other had been at Oriel. Again in | of a house for Cistercian students in the university, founded by 1815 Thomas Arnold, afterwards headmaster of Rugby, was Archbishop Chicheley in 1437 and dedicated to St Bernard of elected from Corpus, with Renn Dickson Hampden of Oriel. Clairvaux. White's foundation was originally for a president, Later fellows were John Henry Newman (1822) and Edward 50 fellows and scholars, and a chaplain, choir, &c., for the chapel. Pusey (1823). James Anthony Froude entered the college in White established the intimate connexion which still exists 1835; Matthew Arnold became a fellow in 1845. Cecil John between his college and the Merchant Taylors' school in Rhodes matriculated in 1873, and, besides his foundation of London, in the foundation of which, as a prominent officer in Rhodes scholarships, made a large bequest to the college. the Merchant Taylors' Company, he had a share. The college Pembroke College was founded in 1624. Thomas Tesdale foundation now consists of a president, from 14 to 18 (1547-1609) of Glympton, Oxfordshire, left money for the fellowships, not less than 28 scholarships, of which 15 are support of scholars in Oxford, indicating Balliol College as his appropriated to Merchant Taylors' school, and 4 senior preference, but not insisting on this. Richard Wightwick scholarships, similarly appropriated. The buildings incorporate (d. 1630), rector of East Ilsley, Berkshire, added to Tesdale's some of Chicheley's work, as in the front upon St Giles's Street, bequest, and though Balliol College desired to benefit by it, with its fine gateway. Similarly, in the front quadrangle, James I. preferred to figure as the founder of a new college the hall and chapel belonged to the house of St Bernard, though with these moneys. Pembroke, which was named after William subsequently much altered. A passage with a rich fan-traceried Herbert, earl of Pembroke, then chancellor of the university, roof gives access from the front to the back quadrangle, on the was thus developed out of Broadgates Hall, which had long been south and east sides of which is the library. The south wing eminent as the residence of students in law. The original college dates from 1596, the east from 1631. The latter is of the greater foundation was for a master, 10 fellows and 10 scholars, but interest; it was built at the charge of William Laud, and the a number of scholarships and exhibitions has been added by designs have been commonly attributed to Inigo Jones. The benefactors. Of the scholarships some are awarded by preference north and west sides of the quadrangle, of the same period, have to candidates possessing certain qualifications, notably that of cloisters. The union of the classical style, which predominates education at Abingdon school, which Tesdale intended to benefit here, with the characteristic late Perpendicular of the period, by his bequest. The buildings of Pembroke lie south and west makes this quadrangle architecturally one of the most interesting of St Aldate's Church, opposite Christ Church; they surround in Oxford, as the college gardens, which its east front overlooks, two picturesque quadrangles, but are in great part modern. are among the most picturesque. The most notable period of The college preserves some relics of Samuel Johnson, who entered the history of the college is associated with Laud, who entered it in 1728. the college in 1589, was elected a fellow in 1593, became president in 1611 and chancellor of the university in 1629. Relics of him are preserved in the library, and he is buried in the chapel, together with White, the founder, and William Juxon, president 1621-1633, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury.

Queen's College was founded in 1340-1341 by Robert de Eglesfield, chaplain of Philippa, queen-consort of Edward III., and was named in her honour. Her son, Edward the Black Prince, was entered on the books of the college, and Henry V. received education here. Several queens were among the benefactors of the college-Henrietta Maria, Caroline, Charlotte. The queen-consort is always the patroness of the college. The foundation consists of a provost, from 14 to 16 fellows, and about 25 scholars. There was formerly an intimate connexion between this college and the north of England. Five scholarships, called Eglesfield scholarships, are now given by preference to natives of Cumberland or Westmorland, and the Hastings exhibitions founded by Lady Elizabeth Hastings (1682-1739) are open only to candidates from various schools in these counties and in Yorkshire. This connexion dates from the foundation. Eglesfield (d. 1349) was probably a native of Eaglesfield in Cumberland, and provided that the 12 fellows or scholars of his foundation were preferably to be natives of this county or Westmorland. During the time of Wycliffe, who while rector of Lutterworth resided for two years in the college, the foundation was by a ruling of the visitor (the archbishop of York) actually confined to the two counties mentioned, and so remained until 1854. The buildings date mainly from the close of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th. They front High Street with a massive classical screen, flanked by the ends of the east and west ranges of buildings of the front quadrangle, and surmounted in the centre by a statue of Queen Caroline under a cupola. The buildings are the work of Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor. The library contains a valuable collection, especially of historical works, and is fitted with wood-carving by Grinling Gibbons. There is also here an interesting contemporary statue in wood of Queen Philippa. The chapel retains several medieval windows from the former Gothic chapel, and some stained glass painted by Abraham van Ling (1635). The college preserves two early customs on Christmas day a dinner is held at which a boar's bead is carried in state into the hall, and an appropriate ancient carol is sung; and on New Year's day a threaded needle, with the motto "Take this and be thrifty," is presented to members in the college hall. The origin of this custom is traced to a rebus on the founder's name-aiguille et fil (needle and thread). St John's College was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas White, Kt., alderman of London (1492-1567). It occupied the site

Trinity College was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, Kt. (d. 1559), of Tittenhanger, Hertfordshire. He acquired and used for his college the ground and buildings of Durham College, the Oxford house of Durham Abbey, originally founded in the 13th century (see DURHAM, city). Trinity is therefore one of the instances of collegiate foundation forming a sequel to the dissolution of the monasteries, for Durham had been surrendered in 1540. Pope's foundation provided for a president, 12 fellows and 12 scholars. There are now 16 scholarships and a number of exhibitions. There are also some scholarships in natural science, on the foundation (1873) of Thomas Millard, whose bequest also provides for a lecturer and laboratory. The front quadrangle of Trinity lies open to Broad Street; on its east side are modern buildings (by T. G. Jackson, 1887), on the north, the president's house and the chapel in a classic style, dating from 1694. It contains a rich alabaster tomb of Pope, the founder, and his third wife, and has a fine carved screen and altar-piece by Grinling Gibbons. The remainder of the buildings, forming two small quadrangles north of the chapel, includes parts of the old Durham college, but these have been much altered. Gardens extend to the east. John Henry Newman was a commoner of this college; Edward Augustus Freeman, the historian, and William Stubbs, bishop of Oxford, were among its fellows.

University College (commonly abbreviated Univ.) has claimed to find its origin in a period far earlier than that to which the earliest historical notice of the university itself can be assigned. In a petition to Richard II., respecting a dispute as to property the members of the "mickel universitie hall in Oxford" quote King Alfred as the founder of the house, for 26 divines. The date of 872 was claimed, and in 1872 a millenary celebration was held by the college. Moreover, in 1727 a dispute as to the mastership of the college led to an appeal to the Court of King's Bench to determine the right of visitation, and it was found that this right rested with the crown (as it now does) on the ground of the foundation by Alfred. Leaving tradition, however, it is found that William of Durham, archdeacon of Durham, dying in 1249, bequeathed money to the university to support masters at Oxford. In 1253 the university acquired its first

tenement on this bequest; further acquisitions followed; and in 1280 an inquiry was held as to the disposition of the bequest, and statutes were issued to the society on Durham's foundation, the university finding it necessary to make provision for its individual governance. This intimate connexion between the university and the early development of a college has no parallel, and to it the college owes its name. The college, as it may now be called, developed slowly, further statutes being found necessary in 1292 and 1311; unlike other foundations which were established, with a definite code of statutes from the outset, by individual founders. It is possible, however, to maintain that the founders of Merton and Balliol were influenced in their work by that of William of Durham. The foundation consists of a master, 13 fellows and 16 scholars, and there are a large number of exhibitions. The buildings have a long front-provides for such establishment by any member of convocation age upon High Street. The oldest part of the buildings was begun in 1634. The chapel, built not long after, was altered in Decorated style by Sir Gilbert Scott, but contains fine woodwork of 1694, and windows by Abraham van Ling (1641). The old library dates from 1668-1670, but a new library was built by Scott, in Decorated style, and contains great statues of Lord Eldon and Lord Stowell, members of the college, the design of which was by Sir Francis Chantrey. The hall dates from 1657, but has been greatly altered. The extension of the college has necessitated that of its buildings in modern times. A chamber built for the purpose contains a statue, by Onslow Ford, of Percy Bysshe Shelley, presenting him lying drowned. The poet entered the college in 1810.

Wadham College was founded in 16121 by Nicholas Wadham (d. 1609) of Merifield, near Ilminster, Somersetshire, and Dorothy his wife, who as his executrix carried out his plans. The original foundation consisted of a warden, 15 fellows, 15 scholars, with 2 chaplains and 2 clerks. It now consists of a warden, 8 to 10 fellows and 18 scholars. The college, which has its frontage upon Parks Road, occupies the site of the house of the Austin Friars. No part of their buildings is retained. The erection of the college occupied the years 16101613, and while the buildings are in the main an excellent example of their period, the chapel (as distinct from the antechapel) is of peculiar interest. This appears and was long held to be pure Perpendicular work of the 15th century, but the record of its building in 1611 is preserved, and as the majority of the builders seem to have been natives of Somersetshire it is supposed that in the chapel they closely imitated the style which is so finely developed in that county. The buildings of Wadham have remained practically unchanged since the foundation, either by alteration of the existing fabric or by addition. Beautiful gardens lie to the east and north of them; the warden's garden is especially fine. In the quadrangle is a clock designed by Christopher Wren, who entered the college in 1649. It was in this year that John Wilkins, warden (1648-1659), initiated a weekly philosophical club, out of the meetings of which grew the Royal Society, which received its charter in 1662.

Worcester College was founded in its present form in 1714, out of a bequest by Sir Thomas Cookes, Bart. (d. 1701) of Bentley Pauncefoot, Worcestershire. On part of the site, in 1283, Gloucester Hall had been founded for Benedictine novices from Gloucester. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the buildings were used by Robert King, first bishop of Oxford, as a palace (1542); later it was acquired by Sir Thomas White, founder of St John's College, and again became a hall. This fell into difficulties, and was in great poverty when the present foundation superseded it. Cookes's foundation provided for a provost, 6 fellows and 6 scholars; there are now from 6 to 10 fellows, and from 10 to 18 scholars. Four of the scholarships are appropriated to Bromsgrove school, of which Cookes was a benefactor. The frontage of the buildings, in Worcester Street, is in a classical style, but the quadrangle retains some of the old buildings of Gloucester Hall. gardens, with their lake, are fine.

The

The year in which the statutes were issued; Dorothy Wadham had received the royal charter in 1610.

The academical halls, which were of very early origin, were originally in the nature of lodging-houses, in which students lived under a principal chosen by themselves. But Halls, &c. they were gradually absorbed by the colleges as these became firmly established. The only remaining academical hall is that of St Edmund, which is said to have been founded in 1226, and to derive its name from Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury, who is known to have taught at Oxford, and was canonized in 1248. The hall came into the possession of Queen's College in 1557, and the principal is nominated by that society. The buildings, which form a small quadrangle east of Queen's College, date mainly from the middle of the 18th century. There are three private halls in Oxford, established under a university statute of 1882, which under certain conditions and under licence from the vicechancellor. Non-collegiate students, i.e. members of the university, possessing all its privileges without being members of any college, were first admitted in 1868. As a body they are under the care of a delegacy and the supervision of a censor. Women are admitted to lectures and university examinations but not to its degrees; they have four colleges or halls-Somerville College (1879), Lady Margaret Hall (1879), St Hugh's Hall (1886) and St Hilda's Hall (1893). Among foundations independent of university jurisdiction and intended primarily for the teaching of theology are the Pusey House (1884, founded in memory of Edward Bouverie Pusey), St Stephen's House (1876) and Wycliffe Hall (1878), both theological colleges; Mansfield College (Congregational, founded to take the place of Spring Hill College, Birmingham, in 1889) and Manchester College (1893), also a nonconformist institution. The buildings of Mansfield, especially the chapel, should be noticed as of very good design in Decorated and Perpendicular styles. None of these houses is a residence for undergraduates. There is a theological college at Cuddesdon, near Oxford, where also is the bishop of Oxford's palace.

and institutions.

A notable group of buildings connected with the university stands between Broad Street and High Street, and between Exeter and cipal are the old schools buildings, which form a fine Brasenose and All Souls colleges. Among these the prin- University quadrangle, and are now mainly occupied by the Bodleian buildings Library, more extensive accommodation for the schools (examinations, &c.) being provided in the modern range of buildings facing High Street and King Street, completed in 1882 from the designs of T. G. Jackson. The erection of the old schools quadrangle was begun in 1613, and the architecture combines late Gothic with classical details. On the inner face of the gateway towers are seen the five Roman orders, in tiers, one above another. The windows, parapet and rich pinnacles, however, are Gothic. the addition of schools to the celebrated library which bears his The quadrangle was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, who conceived name. The main chamber of the Bodleian Library is entered from the quadrangle. The library (see LIBRARIES) was opened in 1602. The central part of the room dates from 1480, when it was completed to contain the library given to the university by Humphrey, duke of Gloucester (d. 1447). This library was destroyed in the time of Edward VI. Bodley added the east wing, the west wing followed in 1634-1640, being built to house the collection of John Selden, forms a most beautiful room, enhanced by the finely painted ceiling one of the principal of many benefactors of the library. The whole and the excellent design of the fittings. In the storey above the library is the picture-gallery, containing portraits of chancellors, founders and benefactors of the university. The basement of the central part of the library is formed by the Divinity School, a splendid chamber (1480), in which the most notable feature is the groined roof, divided into compartments by widely splayed arches, and adorned with rich tracery and carved pendants. The Convocation House, below the west wing of the library, and entered from the west end of the school, has a roof with fan tracery. To the north of these buildings, flanking Broad Street, are the Sheldonian Theatre, the old building of the Clarendon Press and the Old Ashmolean building. "The Sheldonian" was built in 1664-1669 at the charge of Gilbert Sheldon (1598-1677), chancellor of the university and archbishop of Canterbury, from the design of Sir Christopher Wren. The principal public ceremonies of the university, including the "Encaenia," the annual commemoration of benefactors, accompanied by the conferring of honorary degrees and the recitation of prize compositions, are generally held in this building, which is particularly well adapted for its purpose. The university printing press was This title was given by a statute of 1884.