of others without giving any hard labor for them. He is one who gets as much as he can for as little as he can.

The shoemakers of this city [Cincinnati] have had their wages increased by a strike, which will be the means of increasing the difficulties of the other laborers, to purchase their shoes. If these, in retaliation, increase their wages, the shoemakers will have gained nothing. For many generations strikes have been made without any benefit.

If the shoemakers were to carry their factory into the country, instead of paying $180 rent for four rooms, they need only pay $60. Do these shoemakers pay a quarter of a dollar a pound for their lard and hams? These, by preparing and curing for themselves, need only cost one-eight of a dollar per pound. A society of shoemakers, purchasing potatoes at wholesale prices, and distributing them to the members, will save a third of the price. Two acres of tiledrained soil will give a family of six half their food, and the winter's food of a cow and chickens. If the tour de ordure be made the receptacle of chips, weeds, ashes, and straw, and these put on the acre for the cow, it will make cabbages so large that they will be the diameter of a barrel. Of corn, 125 bushels can be obtained on the acre, sixty of which will feed the cow 120 days, and the remainder will fatten 780 lbs. of pork. There will be a fatted calf to kill. The cow will eat up the corn-stalks, beet-tops, cabbage leaves, and a load of hay during the winter, and will give a pound of butter every day. The milk will make tea not wanted.

A cow has been taught to drag a plow and rake between rows. It helping, the garden can be cultivated very easily in one hour each day during the summer. It will do a woman no harm to work an hour daily in the garden. Apples are $2.25 a bushel, which sum can be saved in a country home.

The English laborer seems in a fair way of gaining inde

pendence. There are 700,000 members belonging to the "Trades Unions," who have millions in their treasuries. In their "Benefit Societies" and "Savings Banks" they have $500,000,000. Many thousands of them are partners with their employers. They purchase fat cattle and divide their beef. They own mills, buy grain, and have cheap flour.

The N.Y. Tribune says: "Within sight of our steeples 200,000 persons are unemployed." The cause of which is, farmers cultivate all they can, make their houses and clothing as much as they can by machinery, which makes the laborer unnecessary, and enables them to have for foreign lands $400,000,000 worth of their products for luxuries, the greatest bulk of which is absorbed by the exchangers? "The Agricultural Bureau," in 1866, said: "The value of farm products was $1,563,184,134."

Mechanics create values to the amount of 1,000,000,000, half of which is wasted, or put in the wrong place. To illustrate: A President's inauguration is described in a thousand little papers around this city. If the "Commercial,” “Gazette," "Times," and "Chronicle," only contained this, it could be circulated all over Ohio in twenty-four hours, as they have steam-power sufficient to print millions of papers, having in them five times more news than a country paper. Many will say, How can merchants advertise? Every farmer knows where his store is. It is only necessary to know where things are made, who sells them at wholesale, and what are their cost, which can be told best in a book.

We have many encyclopedias on various subjects, many books of travels and history, on natural, mental, and moral philosophy, and annotations on the Bible, more than we can read. Plato's Dissertation on Government seems better for the universal happiness of men than Adams' "Defense." Plato's cause of crime is as clear as any modern jurist can

We owe persons for supplying our nation with war materials who never did a day's work in their lives. Our laborers, who made these materials, are supplying the wants of those who did no work. An economy of this nation's labor will cut off these supplies. France, in 1759, had an exhausted treasury; its minister, M. Silhouette, did not believe in borrowing but in taxing. His plans of economy were ridiculed by wearing short coats without sleeves, using wooden Snuff-boxes to save gold in place of portraits that the shadow of the face on

and marking the outlines.

ones, making black faces

were formed by throwing paper, with a candle-light, This likeness, drawn by a This manner of

pivot rod, became A SILHOUETTE. making a picture may have suggested sunlight paintings.

The labor on gold, tea, tobacco, whisky, beer, and foreign luxuries is annually $650,000,000, which would pay our national debt in four years. The users of these articles will not give them up. Luxury is nearly as bad as drunkenness. If a person, having no house and garden, uses unnecessaries, when loss of employment and sickness comes, he often becomes a burden on the saving and industrious. Having a war debt gives us a plea to tax luxuries to death, which will relieve our farmers and useful mechanics of half their burdens, and add laborers to their number. The people who have suffered so much during the late war should be willing to have the State insure property against fire. The authorities should issue paper money and purchase the principal railroads in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, and devote their revenues, with insurance profits, to the principal of the national debt. The reasons for this are, it will add to the laborers men to produce the comforts of life. Who has the right to live and do no work? None! These road builders used no real capital, only cunning, La

borers, who fed and clothed the workmen, were the real capitalists. Society should own these roads. Their usurping owners can feed and clothe 3,000,000 of persons. Governments are assemblies of rich men to shift the burdens of a State on the laborers, to save themselves from them, to give privileges and monopolies, so that they can live without doing any work. For instance, it was a nation's duty to tax every family to give Washington a reward; to give him for his services 200,000 acres of land was to oppress a few laborers. A great State resorting to selling lands to poor people, to found an agricultural school, is contemptible. Taxation is a just plan to pay public debts, it is equal on all.*

In feudal times men exacted tolls for traveling on roads; this custom still exists. As population increases it will be a great source of oppression. Roman history tells us that Tiberius Gracchus resolved to improve the condition of the common people. He saw indigent freemen working for aristocratic nobles. To emancipate them he had laws passed, limiting the nobles to 500 acres of land, and their minor children to 250. To slaves he gave land. 'We need some president or statesman who will gain for our laborers more of the comforts and conveniences of life.

When Catholic missionaries visited England, it was filled

*Many will say it will not do for governments to own, or do so much, there will be cheating. Abolish taxes and derive revenue from public works, give the managers their places for life, a salary, a percentage, and a pension in age. You will find more fidelity among the humble than the rich. Persons living plainly will be the most honest, I reason from my own feelings. I do not wish to burden my mind with any wrong act to torment my dying hour.

My book-making task is ended. It is painful to oppose what men call established truths. I have done it reluctantly, impelled by the trials and privations of some of my own class. I regret I have not given them a better book, free from grammatical errors. I am sincere in the belief that the robberies of the government, the acquisitions and luxury of the rich, cause a part of society to be vicious and vindictive, filling this nation with lewdness, crime, and poverty,

with the remains of Roman barbarism, Saxon rudeness, ignorance of the rites of marriage, and Druidical cruelty that required the sacrifice of human beings. These priests made a mighty change, by a division of labor and frugal living. They have erected beautiful, architectural piles that are the admiration of men, which became to the rude people schools of learning, refinement, music and arts, hiding-places to the down-trodden, refuges to the poor slave, homes to the hungry wanderer, an asylum to the friendless, a resting place to heavenly pilgrims from the follies of a wicked world.

Within those religious houses was the scriptory of the patient monk, whose busy pen filled the library of his monastery, and has given us glimpses into the past. The ornamenting of the church with paintings and sculpture also occupied the recluses' time. Nuns taught needle-work, embroidery, and the adorning of the altar with linens and laces.

This period was to the English laborers their best days. No commerce to take away food for diamonds, no paupers, or national debts. The Pope, to obtain a larger Peter-pence, sent Italian priests, whose exactions made enemies, and was a cause of breaking up this system. The arts introduced, the culture taught, were not lost. Rich men, having lands, appropriated these arts to their pleasures. Changes are yet to take place in society. The power of rich men, like that of the monks, must pass away. The laborer must become a laboring capitalist, and not a capitalist's laborer. He must become moral, sober, and intellectual, to obtain this position.

FINIS.