end is a supper bar, extending across the room, where mineral | fives court, recreation ground and parade ground completes the waters and other light refreshments are sold, tables are also description of a battalion barrack. arranged for suppers. A grocery shop is provided where the men Cavalry Barracks.—The accommodation provided for cavalry and their families may purchase goods bought under regimental is very similar to that already described for infantry The arrangements at wholesale prices, and sold without more profit barrack blocks are arranged to suit the organization of the than is necessary to keep the institution self-supporting. On the regiment, and are placed so that the men can turn out readily and first floor are billiard and games room, reading-room and library, get to their horses. Detached buildings are provided for cavalry and writing-room. The manager's quarter and kitchen premises troop stables, one block for the horses of each troop. Formerly complete the establishment. Near the recreation establishment stables were often built for convenience with the barrack-rooms is the canteen, devoted solely to the sale of beer, and not per- over them, but this system has been abandoned on sanitary mitted to vie in attractiveness with the recreation establishment. grounds, to the benefit of both men and horses. Each horse is A bar is provided for the soldiers, a separate room for corporals, given 1500 cub. ft. of air space, the horses' heads are turned to the and a jug department for the supply of the families; this building outer walls, and provision is made, by traversed air-ducts below also has a manager's quarter attached to it, and an office for the the mangers, for fresh air to be supplied to the horses while lying checking of accounts.

down. Above the horses' heads are windows which are arranged For the senior non-commissioned officers a sergeants' mess is to open inwards, being hinged at the bottom and fitted with provided, containing dining-room, reading-room and billiard-hopper cheeks to avoid direct draught. Ridge ventilation and room, with kitchen premises and liquor store, which also has a skylights are given, so that all parts of the stable are well lighted jug department for the sergeants' families. The single non- and airy commissioned officers have all their meals in this mess, and Cast-iron mangers and hay-racks are provided, and the horses the married members also use it as a club. The warrant officers, are separated by bails, with chains to manger brackets and heel and the proportion of non-commissioned officers and men who are posts; saddle brackets are fixed to the heel posts. Each stable on the married establishment, are provided with accommodation has a troop store, where spare saddles and gear are kept; also an at some little distance from the men's barracks. In all recent expense forage store, in which the day's ration, after issue in bulk schemes, on open sites, self-contained cottages have been built, from the forage barn, is kept until it is given out in feeds. The and these are more popular than the older pattern of tenement stables are paved with blue Staffordshire paving bricks, graded buildings approached by common staircases or verandahs. The to a collecting channel carrying the drainage well clear of the warrant officers are allowed a living-room, kitchen, and scullery, building, before it is taken into a gully with three bedrooms and a bathroom. The married soldiers The space between the blocks of stables is paved with cement have a living-room, scullery, and one, two, or three bedrooms concrete to form a yard, and horse-troughs, litter-sheds and according to the size of their families. A laundry is provided dung-pits are provided. Officers' stables are built in separate adjacent to the married quarters, equipped with washing-troughs, blocks, and usually have only one row of stalls; the stalls are wringer, drying-closet, and ironing-room, and the women are divided by partitions, and separate saddle-rooms are provided. encouraged to use this in preference to doing washing in their Stalls and loose boxes in infirmary stables give 2000 cub. ft. of cottages.

air space per horse and are placed at some distance from the troop Oficers' Quarters.-At a little distance from the men's barracks, stables in a separate enclosure. A forge and shoeing shed is and usually looking over the parade or cricket ground, is the provided in a detached block near the troop stables. A forage (fficers' mess. This building has an entrance-hall with band barn and granary is usually built to hold a fortnight's supply, alcove, where the band plays on guest nights, on one side of the and a chaff-cutter driven by horse power is fixed close by. hall is the mess-room (or dining-rooni), and on the other the ante-Cavalry regiments each have a large covered riding school, and room (or reading-room), whilst the billiard-room and kitchen are a number of open manèges, for exercise and riding instruction. kept to the back so that lantern lights can be arranged for A Artillery, &c.-The accommodation provided for horse and field mess office is provided, and all the accessories required for the artillery is arranged to suit their organization in batteries and mess waiters' department, including pantry, plate-closet and brigades, and is generally similar to that already described, with cellarage, and for the kitchen or mess-man's department, with the addition of vehicle sheds for guns and ammunition wagons, also a quarter for the mess-man The officers' quarters are usually and special shops for wheelers and saddlers. Accommodation arranged in wings extending the frontage of the mess building, and for other units follows the general lines already laid down, in a storey over the mess itself Each officer has a large room, but has to be arranged to suit the particular organization and part of which is partitioned off for a bedroom, and the field requirements of each unit. Officers are allowed two rooms The soldier servant, told off to Garrison Accessories -- In every large military station in each officer, has a small room allotted for cleaning purposes, and addition to the regimental buildings which have been described, bathrooms, supplied with hot water from the mess kitchen, are a number of buildings and works are required for the service of centrally situated A detached house, containing three sitting the garrison generally Military hospitals are established at rooms, seven bed- and dressing-rooms, bathroom, kitchen, serv- home and abroad for the trcatment of sick officers and soldiers as ants' hall, and the usual accessories, is provided for the command-well as their wives and families Military hospitals are classified ing officer. also a smaller house, having two sitting-rooms, four as follows — First-grade hospitals are large central hospitals bedrooms, bath, kitchen, &c., for the quartermaster Other regi- serving important districts. These hospitals are complete in mental married officers are not provided for, and have to arrange themselves and fully cquipped for the carrying out of operations to house themselves, a lodging allowance being usually granted of all kinds, they generally contain wards for officers, and may

Regimental Accessories -Apart from the buildings providing have attached to them separate isolation hospitals for the treataccommodation, others are required for administrative and ment of infectious cases, and military families' hospitals for military purposes. These are the guard house and regimental women and children Second grade hospitals are smaller in size offices, the small-arm ammunition store, the fire-engine house, and less fully equipped, but are capable of acting independently the drill and gymnastic hall, and the medical inspection block with and have operation rooms. Third grade hospitals or reception dispensary, where the sick are seen by a medical officer and either stations are required for small stations principally, to act as prescribed for or sent into hospital, as may be necessary Stables feeders to the large hospitals, and to deal with accident and nonare provided for the officers' and transport horses, and a vehicle transportable cases The principles of construction of military shed and storehouse for the mobilization equipment Stores are hospitals do not differ materially from the best modern civil required for bread, meat, coal, clothing, and for musketry, practice, all are now built on the pavilion system with connectsignalling, and general small stores under the quartermaster's ing corridors arranged so as to interfere as little as possible with charge-also workshops for armourers, carpenters, plumbers, the free circulation of air between the blocks. The

site is carefully painters and glaziers, shoemakers, and tailors. Mention of the I selected and enclosed with railings. The administration block

barrack question, and under his orders single iron bedsteads of 1897, 1899 and 1901. As some evidence of the practical result were substituted for the wooden berths, two tiers high, in which of the care and money that has been expended on this work, two men slept in the same bed, then a certain cubical space per it is interesting to note that while, in 1857, the annual rate man was allotted, and cook-houses and ablution-rooms were of mortality in the army at home per 1000 men was 17.5 (comadded. Next, sergeants' messes were started, and ball courts pared with 9.2 for the civil male population of corresponding allowed for the recreation of the men. It was not, however, age), forty years later, in 1897, the rate of mortality in the till after the Crimean War that public attention was directed army was only 3-42 per 1000. No doubt, improved barrack by the report dated 1857 of the royal commission on the accommodation contributed greatly to this result. Barrack consanitary state of the army, to the high death-rate, and certain struction work remained in the hands of the Corps of Royal sanitary defects in barracks and hospitals, such as overcrowding, Engineers until 1904, when a civil department was again formed defective ventilation, bad drainage and insufficient means of under an architect styled " director of barrack construction," to cooking and cleanliness, to which this excessive mortality was deal with the construction of barracks at home stations, and among other causes assigned.

the construction and maintenance of military hospitals. In 1857 a commission appointed for improving the sanitary British Colonial.--Barracks at colonial stations are governed condition of barracks and hospitals made an exhaustive inspec- by the general scale of accommodation in the Barrack Synopsis, tion of the barracks in the United Kingdom, and reported in modified according to the climate of the station, in the 1861. This was followed by similar commissions to examine direction of increase in floor area and height of rooms. In the the barracks in the Mediterranean stations and in India. These planning of rooms for occupation in tropical or sub-tropical commissions, besides making valuable recommendations for the countries provision has to be made for the freest possible improvement of almost every barrack inspected by them, laid circulation of air through the buildings. The walls have to be down the general sanitary principles applicable to the arrange- protected by verandahs from the direct rays of the sun, and the ment and construction of military barracks and hospitals; and special local domestic arrangements have to be taken into conin spite of the lapse of time, the reports repay close study by sideration. For example, in hot countries it is usually undesirany one interested in sanitary science as applicd to the construc- able to have kitchens directly attached to the dwelling-houses, tion and improvement of such buildings. The names of Sidney sanitary arrangements vary according to the methods adopted, Herbert (afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea), Captain (afterwards and in some cases it is necessary to provide a free circulation Sir Douglas) Galton, R.E., and John Sutherland, M.D., stand of air below the ground floors of an inhabited buildings by raising out prominently among those who contributed to the work. them off the ground some 4 ft. The aspect of the buildings will The commission was constituted a standing body in 1862, and usually be arranged so as to catch the prevailing wind, and the continues its work to the present day, under the name of the Army mode of construction varies greatly according to the custom Sanitary Committee, which advises the secretary of state for and resources of the country. war on all sites for new barracks or hospitals, also upon type Indian Barracks.- In India, barracks for the British troops are plans, especially as to sanitary details, and principles of sanitary built by the Royal Engineer officers detailed for military work construction and fitments. A definite standard of accommoda- duties, assisted by military foremen, who pass through the civil tion was laid down, which formed the basis of the first issue of engineering colleges, and by a native subordinate staff. The the Barrack Synopsis in 1865. A general order dated 1845 had scale of accommodation to be provided is laid down in the Indian directed that a space of 450 to 500 cub. ft. per man should be army regulations, and is for the private soldier more liberal than provided in all new barracks at home stations; but this had is allowed by the home government for any of the colonial not been applied in existing barracks or buildings appropriated stations. The barrack-rooms are lofty and airy, with verandahs as such, and when detailed examination was made, it was found all round, and clerestory windows. Roofs are usually of double that some men had actually less than 250 cub. ft., and out of tiling. The allowance of space is go sq. ft. per man in rooms 16 accommodation for nominally 76,813 soldiers, 2003 only had ft. high, with, in addition, a day room adjoining for the use of the 600 cub. ft. per man, which was the minimum scale now laid men for their meals or as a sitting-room. Recreation establishdown by the royal commission of 1857. To give every soldier ments are liberally provided for, and other means of recreation, his allotted amount of 600 cub. ft., meant a reduction in accom- such as bowling and skittle alleys, fives courts, plunge baths and modation of the barracks by nearly one-third the number. cricket grounds, are given. Separate blocks of married quarters Many buildings were condemned as being entirely unsuitable for are provided, and schools for the children. Hospital accommouse as barracks; in other cases improvements were possible by dation on a higher scale than at home is necessary; but hill alterations to buildings and opening-up of sites. Ventilation of sanatoria have in recent years done much to improve the health the rooms was greatly improved, cook-houses, ablution-rooms of the troops by giving change of air, during the hot weather, to and sanitary accessories were carefully examined and a proper a large proportion of the men and families. Piped water supplies scale laid down. Separate quarters for the married soldiers did have replaced the old wells at many stations, and attention is not exist in many barracks, and in some instances married men's being directed to improved cooking and sanitary arrangements. beds were found in the men's barrack-rooms without even a Natal Barracks.-In recent years, large naval barracks have screen to separate them; in other cases, married people were been built, notably at Portsmouth, Chatham and Devonport. accommodated together in a barrack-room, with only a blanket These differ from military barracks principally in that they keep hung on a cord as a screen between the different families. The up the system of board-ship life to which the men are accustomed. recommendations of the committee resulted in a single room Large barrack-rooms are provided with caulkcd floors like ships' being allotted to all married soldiers, and this accommoda- decks, and have rows of hammocks slung across them; these are tion has gradually improved up to the comfortable cottage now stowed in the day-time, when the rooms are used as mess-rooms. provided.

Ablution and sanitary arrangements are grouped together on the From the time of this first thorough inquiry into barrack basement floors. Fine recreation establishments and canteens accommodation, steady and systematic progress has been made. have been built. The officers' messes have splendid public rooms, Although lack of funds has always hampered rapid progress, but the officers' quarters are not so large as in military barracks, and keeps the accommodation actually existing below the though no doubt spacious to the naval officer, accustomed as he standard almed at, much has been done to improve the soldiers' is to a small cabin. Married quarters for the men are not provided condition in this respect. Numerous regimental depots and other except in connexion with coastguard stations. barracks were built under the Military Forces Localization Act Oiker Countries.-A great number of the German and French of 1872. The Barracks Act of 1890 replaced the worn-out huts barracks are erected in the form of a large block of three or four at Aldershot, Colchester, Shomcliffe and Curragh by convenient storeys containing all the accommodation and accessories for and sanitary permanent buildings, and further additions and officers, married and single non-commissioned officers and men, improvements bave been made under the Military Works Acts of a complete battalion or regiment in one building. Some of the

modern barracks, however, are arranged more on the pavilion | Despite these modifications in the original groupings of the strata, system with separate blocks; but the single block system is well it is recognized that Barrande "made Bohemia classic ground for liked on account of its compactness and the facility it gives for the study of the oldest fossiliferous formations." He died at supervision; it is also more satisfactory from the architectural Frohsdorf on the 5th of October 1883. point of view. The system of allotment and arrangement of accommodation for these two great armies does not differ much, except in detail, from that adopted by the British army. The floor and cubic space allotted per man is a little less; accommodation for officers is not usually provided, except to a limited extent, unless the barracks are on a country site. The German army, however, now provides every regiment with a fine officers' messhouse furnished at the public expense. Married quarters for some of the non-commissioned officers are provided, but not for privates. American barracks are interesting, as providing for perhaps a higher class of recruit than usual; they are well designed and superior finish internally is given. The barracks are arranged usually on the separate block system, and centre round a post-exchange or soldiers' club, which is a combined recreation establishment, gymnasium and sergeants' mess, with bath-house attached. Canteens for the sale of liquor were abolished in 1901. See The Barrack Synopsis (1905); The Handbook of Design and Construction of Military Buildings (1905); The Army Regulations, India, vol. xii. (E. N. S.)

malcontents in the streets near the Tuileries, 13 Vendémiaire | attack on Pitt, of whom, however, he became ultimately • (5th of October 1795). Thereupon Barras became one of the devoted adherent. 'A vigorous opponent of the taxdtion of five Directors who controlled the executive of the French republic. America, his mastery of invective was powerfully displayed in his Owing to his intimate relations with Joséphine de Beauharnais, championship of the American cause, and the name “Sons of he helped to facilitate a marriage between her and Bonaparte; Liberty,” which he had applied to the colonists in one of his and many have averred, though on defective evidence, that speeches, became a common designation of the American Barras procured the appointment of Bonaparte to the command organizations directed against the Stamp Act, as well as of later of the army of Italy early in the year 1796. The achievements patriotic clubs. His appointment in 1782 to the treasurership of of Bonaparte gave to the Directory a stability which it would not the navy, which carried with it a pension of £3200 a year, at a otherwise have enjoyed; and when in the summer of 1797 the time when the government was ostensibly advocating economy, royalist and constitutional opposition again gathered strength, caused great discontent; subsequently, however, he received Bonaparte sent General Augereau (q.v.), & headstrong Jacobin, from the younger Pitt the clerkship of the pells in place of the forcibly to repress that movement by what was known as the pension, which thus was saved to the public. Becoming blind, coup d'elat of 18 Fructidor (4th September). Barras and the he retired from office in 1790 and died on the 20th of July 1802. violent Jacobins now carried matters with so high a hand as to BARRE, a city of Washington county, Vermont, U.S.A., in render the government of the Directory odious; and Bonaparte the north central part of the state, about 6 m. S.E. of Montpelier, had no difficulty in overthrowing it by the coup d'étal of 18-19 Pop. (1890) 4146; (1900) 8448, of whom 2831 were foreign-born; Brumaire(9th-iothof November). Barrassaw the need of a change (1910, census) 10,734. It is served by the Central Vermont and was to some extent (how far will perhaps never be known) and the Montpelier & Wells River railways, and is connected by an accomplice in Bonaparte's designs, though he did not suspect electric street railways with Montpelier. Barre is an important the power and ambition of their contriver. He was left on one seat of the granite industry, and manufactures monuments and side by the three Consuls who took the place of the five Directors tombstones, stone-cutting implements and other machinery. and found his political career at an end. He had amassed a large In 1905 the city's factory products were valued at $3,373,046, of fortune and spent his later years in voluptuous ease. Among which 86.9 % was the value of the monuments and tombstones the men of the Revolution few did more than Barras to degrade manufactured. Among its institutions are the Aldrich public that movement. His immorality in both public and private life library and Goddard Seminary (1870; Universalist). There is was notorious and contributed in no small degree to the downfall a beautiful granite statue of Burns (by J. Massey Rhind), erected of the Directory, and with it of the first French Republic. in 1899 by the Scotsmen of Barre. The water-works are owned Despite his profession of royalism in and after 1815, he remained and operated by the municipality. Settled soon after the close more or less suspect to the Bourbons; and it was with some of the War of Independence, the township of Barre (pop. in 1910. difficulty that the notes for his memoirs were saved from seizure 4194) was organized in 1793 and named in honour of Isaac Barré on his death on the 29th of January 1829. Eldal (1726-1802), a defender of American rights in the British parlia

Barras left memoirs in a rough státe to be drawn up by his literary ment. The present city, chartered in 1894, was originally a part executor, M. Rousselin de St Albin. The amount of alteration of the township. which they underwent at his hands is not fully known; but M. George Duruy, who edited them on their publication in 1895, has given

BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance fairly satisfactory proofs of their genuineness. For other sources languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived and de Lescure; also Sciout, Le Directoire (4 vols., Paris, 1895, bound together by hoops, a cask; also a dry and liquid measure respecting Barras sce the Memoirs of Gohier, Larevellière-Lépeaux from the English), a vessel of cylindrical shape, made of staves vi. Paris, 1993–1904), and A. Vandal, L'Avènement de Bonaparte of capacity, varying with the commodity which it contains (Paris, 1902-1904). menos

(J. Hu. Ř.) (see WEIGHTS AND MEASURES). The term is applied to many BARRATRY (O. Fr. bareler, barater, to barter or cheat), in cylindrical objects, as to the drum round which the chain is English criminal law, the offence (more usually called common wound in a crane, a capstan or a watch; to the cylinder studded barratry) of constantly inciting and stirring up quarrels in dis- with pins in a barrel-organ or musical-box; to the hollow shaft turbance of the peace, either in courts or elsewhere. It is an in which the piston of a pump works; or to the tube of a gun. offence both at common law and by statute, and is punishable The “barrel" of a horse is that part of the body lying between by fine and imprisonment. By a statute of 1726, if the person the shoulders and the quarters. For the system of vaulting guilty of common barratry belonged to the profession of the law, in architecture known as " barrel-vaulting " see VAULT. he was disabled from practising in the future. It is a cumulative BARREL-ORGAN (Eng. “grinder-organ," "street-organ," offence, and it is necessary to prove at least three commissions of "hand-organ,” “Dutch organ”; Fr. orgue de Barbarie, orgue the act. For ncarly two centuries there had been no record of an d'Allemagne, orgue mécanique, cabinet d'orgue, serinette; Ger. indictment having becn preferred for this offence, but in 1889 a Drehorgel, Leierkasten; Ital. organetto a manovella, organo tedesco), case occurred at the Guildford summer assizes, R. v. Bellgrove a small portable organ mechanically played by turning a bandle. (The Times, 8th July 1889). As, however, the defendant was The barrel-organ owes its name to the cylinder on which the tunes convicted of another offence, the charge was not proceeded upon. are pricked out with pins and staples of various lengths, set at (See Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law; Russell, definite intervals according to the scheme required by the music. Crimes and Misdcmcanours; Stephen, Criminal Law.)

The function of these pins and staples is to raise balanced keys In marine insurance barratry is any kind of fraud committed connected by simple mechanism with the valves of the pipes, upon the owner or insurers of a ship by a master with the inten- which are thus mechanically opened, admitting the stream of tion of benefiting himself at their expense. Continental jurists air from the wind-chest. The handle attached to the shaft sets give a wider meaning to barratry, as meaning any wilful act by the cylinder in slow rotation by means of a worm working in the master or crew, by whatever motive induced, whereby the a fine-toothed gear on the barrel-head; the same motion works owners or charterers are damnified. In bills of lading it is usual the bellows by means of cranks and connecting rods on the shaft. to except it from the shipowners' liability (see AFFREIGHTMENT). The wind is thereby forced into a reservoir, whence it passes

In Scotland, barratry is the crime committed by a judge who into the wind-chest, on the sides of which are grouped the pipes. is induced by bribery to pronounce judgment.

The barrel revolves slowly from back to front, each revolution BARRÉ, ISAAC (1726-1802), British soldier and politician, as a rule playing one complete tune. A notch-pin in the barrelwas born at Dublin in 1726, the son of a French refugee. He was head, furnished with as many notches as there are tunes, enables educated at Trinity College, Dublin, entered the ariny, and in the performer to shift the barrel and change the tune. The 1759 was with Wolfe at the taking of Quebec, on which occasion ordinary street barrel-organ had a compass varying from 24 to he was wounded in the cheek. His entry into parliament in 1761 34 notes, forming a diatonic scale with a few accidentals, generally under the auspices of Lord Shelburne, who had selected him "as Fa, G#, CH. There were usually two stops, one for the open pipes a bravo to run down Mr Pitt," was characterized by a virulent ! of metal, the other for the closed wooden pipes. Barrel-organs