The Italian army is, at present, in the course of reorganization. On a peace footing, it is in future to consist of 157 generals, 15,377 officers of all ranks, and 227,250 sub-officers, corporals and soldiers. Counting in the employés of the military administration, the total number is to be 245,526 men. In time of war the infantry force is to be 274,000 men, the bersaglieri 30,555 men, the cavalry 24,721 men and 15,332 horses.

The navy, in December, 1863, was composed as follows:

The movement of commerce in the chief ports of Italy was, in 1860, as follows:

SCREW STEAMERS.

FLAG.

Sailing Vessels

500

86

from 300 to 500

6-4

Steamers

1 iron clad frigate, 1st class....

2

2

2d class...

800

86

Italian..... 71,191 3,299,957 70,951 8,198,940 Foreign.. 8,635 1,037,602 8,099 1,011,356 8,228 544,573 8,314 467,160 Italian Flag.. 2,753 975,478 2,693 977,366

85,907/5,857,605) 85,057 5,654,822

The merchant navy, on Dec. 31st, 1861, con

1.172 vessels, of 300 tons and upward, each-together, 857,118 15,226 vessels of less than 300 tons, together.......

812.398

16,887

686,403

At the beginning of the year 1863, the brigandage in the Neapolitan provinces was still A committee, appointed by the very active. Chamber of Deputies for examining this subject, traversed the disaffected provinces, offering a

submit. At the end of February a detachment of 16 soldiers was surprised by 60 men of the band of Chiavone, and completely exterminated. The democratic deputies (the "Left") of the Chamber of Deputies proposed the formation of corps of volunteers to disperse the brigands; but this plan, combated by the ministry, was not adopted by the Chamber. presence of Gen. Lamarmora in the infested districts, in April, was followed by good results. The insurgents were driven from the mountains of Castellamare, Sorrento, Amalfi, and about 200 were captured. But, in June, the devastations by the brigands began anew

The

brought up a report proposing its adoption. The report was adopted, on November 28th, by 157 against 49 votes. On December 1st, the commercial treaty concluded between Italy and Great Britain came into force. A treaty of commerce between Italy and Holland was signed at the same time.

On November 19th, the "Official Gazette" of Turin published a royal decree proclaiming an amnesty. It annuls the penal punishments awarded in the Neapolitan provinces for all crimes excepting those connected with brigandage and ordinary offences. The amnesty extends to all offences against the press laws, and, all persons who have evaded the conscription, or acted in contravention of the laws relating to the National Guard. The report preceding the decree states that the enthusiastic reception and other manifestations which the king met with during his journey proved how deeply the unity of Italy is rooted in the mind of the population. Having nothing more to fear from the efforts of enemies, the ministers deemed it their duty to second the generous idea conceived in the heart of the king.

Some severe measures which the Government adopted in Sicily, in order to prevent disturbances and carry out the conscription laws, induced Garibaldi and several other deputies

JACKSON, once a thriving town and the capital of the State of Mississippi, is situated on the right bank of the Pearl river at the terminus of the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad, on the line of the New Orleans and Cairo railroad. It is forty-five miles east of Vicksburg. Its site is level and its plan regular. It contained a handsome State House, costing over half a million dollars, a Governor's Mansion, the State Lunatic Asylum, the Penitentiary, several churches, &c. It was captured by the forces under Gen. Grant on the 14th of May, and immediately abandoned by him to march upon Vicksburg. It was again occupied in July by Gen. Sherman and almost entirely destroyed.

JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN, a general in the Confederate army, born in Clarksburg, Harrison co., Va., January 21st, 1824, died at Guinea's Station, on the Richmond and Fredericsburg railroad, May 10th, 1863. The death of his father, in 1827, left him dependent upon an uncle, by whom he was brought up to a farmer's life. As a boy he was noted for gravity and sobriety of manners, and at 16 years of age is said to have been elected constable of Lewis county. Though indicating no special aptitude or taste for a military career, he obtained in 1842 the appointment of cadet at West Point, where he was graduated in 1846, 17th in a class of 59, which numbered among its members Generals McClellan, Stoneman, Foster, Couch, Reno, and others distinguished

of the "Left" to send in their resignation (December 21st). Garibaldi explains his reasons for taking this step in the following letter addressed to his constituents:

CAPRERA, December 21st.

To my Constituents at Naples:

When I saw 229 deputies of the Italian Parliament confirm by their vote the sale of the Italian soil, I had the presentiment that I should not long remain in the Assembly of those men who blindly tore asunder the limbs of the country which they were called to reconstitute. However, the counsels of friends, the hope of votion toward my constituents kept me at the post. reparatory events, and an unshaken sentiment of deBut now, when I see succeeding to the sale of Nice the shame of Sicily, which I should be proud to call my second country by adoption, I feel myself, electors, compelled to restore to you a commission which enchains my conscience and makes me indirectly the accomplice of the faults of others. It is not only the affection which I owe to Sicily, the courageous initiator of so many revolutions, but the thought that they have wounded in her the right and honor in compromising olution. There is, however, nothing in this which the safety of all Italy, which has led me to take this reswill prevent me from finding myself with the people in arms on the road to Rome and Venice. Adieu.-Yours,

G. GARIBALDI.

The majority of the "Left," however, preferred not to quit their posts, but to remain in the Chamber, and a manifesto, explaining the motives which determined their course of action, received twenty-nine signatures.

on both sides in the present war. At the academy he was far from being a brilliant pupil, mastering his studies with extreme difficulty, but learning thoroughly whatever he attempted. His disposition was retiring and taciturn, and at this, as well as at other periods of his life, he was afflicted with various forms of hypochondria, imagining that he had consumption, incipient paralysis, and other maladies.

He was immediately brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery, and accompanied Magruder's battery to Mexico, serving first under Gen. Taylor and subsequently under Gen. Scott. During the victorious campaign of the latter in the valley of Mexico, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, and for gallant conduct at Contreras, Churubusco, and Chepultepec, was successively brevetted captain and major. Returning home in impaired health, he resigned his commission in 1852, and was soon after appointed professor of mathematics in the Military Institute of Virginia, where he remained until the outbreak of the civil war. He performed his professional duties with conscientious fidelity, but in matters of discipline was too much of a martinet to become popular with the pupils of the school, who were accustomed to ridicule his peculiarities of manner and appearance, and his strict observance of a religious life. Thus the spring of 1861 found him scarcely known beyond the walls of the Institute, and not esteemed there as a soldier of more than ordinary

promise. He embraced the cause of secession with enthusiasm, was commissioned a colonel by Gov. Letcher of Virginia, and on the 3d of May appointed commander of the "Army of Observation" at Harper's Ferry, which a few weeks later he resigned to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, retaining command of the infantry.

For several weeks he was employed in frequent manoeuvres between Winchester and Harper's Ferry, encountering the Federal Gen. Patterson's advance at Falling Waters on July 2d; and on the 18th his brigade, consisting of five Virginia regiments carefully disciplined by himself, was hurried off to Manassas, almost under the eye of Patterson, to reënforce Beauregard. He bore a distinguished part in the battle of Bull Run, where, in the language of the Confederate General Bee, "Jackson stood like a stone wall;" and ever after that eventful day he was popularly known as "Stonewall" Jackson, and the troops commanded by him on the occasion as the "Stonewall Brigade." He remained with his brigade in the neighborhood of Centreville until October, having previously been commissioned a brigadiergeneral, and was then promoted to be a majorgeneral and assigned to the command of the troops at Winchester, where he remained until early in the succeeding March, retiring only on the approach of the Union forces under Gen. Banks.

A reconnoissance made on the 18th and 19th of this month by Gen. Shields, commanding a division of Gen. Banks's corps, discovered Jackson posted in a strong position south of Winchester, and in immediate communication with powerful supports, for which reason the Union forces were concentrated near Winchester. On the 22d, Banks, with half of his corps, marched for Centreville to join the army of McClellan, and this fact having been communicated to Jackson by his scouts, the Confederate cavalry was ordered to drive the Union pickets back toward Kernstown, a small village, three miles south of Winchester, while the main body of the Confederates was pushed forward with secrecy and rapidity. Here on the morning of the 23d, Jackson, deceived evidently as to the strength of the Union army, made a vigorous attack upon Shields's left wing. Failing to make an impression there, he massed his troops for an assault upon the right, where Shields, in anticipation of such a movement, had concentrated a large force. One of the fiercest contests of the war ensued, but by unflinching energy the Unionists succeeded in driving the Confederates from a strong position behind a stone wall, and the latter at once yielded the field to their opponents, leaving behind 2 guns and other trophies. The swelling of the Shenandoah by rains having prevented the arrival of his supports, Jackson was compelled to retreat up the valley, disputing step by step the pursuit of Banks and Shields, until he reached the neighborhood of Harrisonburg, gbout 60 miles south of Winchester. From this point

he was summoned with his command to Richmond, where the Confederates were collecting all their available strength, in anticipation of the advance of McClellan up the peninsula. But having suggested that he could better defend Richmond on the Shenandoah than on the Chickahominy he was allowed to remain where he was.

With a view of dislodging Jackson from this position two columns of Union troops were directed to operate in concert, one under Banks in the Shenandoah valley, and another under Fremont in the Mountain department, to the west. Both were weak in numbers, and by the beginning of May the corps of Banks had been reduced, by the withdrawal of Shields's division, to less than 7,000 men. Jackson, however, by concentrating with Generals Edward Johnson and Ewell, had increased his force to upward of 20,000. In conformity with the Union plans, Gen. Milroy, of Fremont's column, early in May marched with a small force eastward toward Buffalo Gap, for the purpose of threatening Staunton. Jackson at once moved to meet him, encountered the Union forces at McDowell on the 8th, and drove them back to Franklin, on the west side of the mountains, thus effectually preventing a junction between Fremont and Banks. Then rapidly retracing his steps, he collected all his available troops and turned upon Banks, who had been constrained by the depletion of his corps to fall back some distance from Harrisonburg.

On the 23d of May a portion of Jackson's army which had made a detour toward Front Royal on the Manassas Gap railroad, surprised the small Union force under Col. Kenly, stationed there, and captured nearly the whole command. Banks, who was then at Strasburg, was not slow to perceive his critical position. with an enemy on his front and flank, and ou the night of the 23d commenced a rapid retrest toward Winchester, sending his train in advance. The force which had moved upon Front Royal also pushed on to intercept him at Middletown, while Jackson with his main body followed vigorously in his rear, expecting by this movement to capture Banks's train, if not to put his whole army hors de combat. At Middletown the Union train was driven back upon the main body, whereupon Banks, ordering his troops to the head of the column, repulsed the enemy in his front, and succeeded, after hard fighting, which was continued at intervals along the line of march, in reaching Winchester. But Jackson was too close upon his rear to admit of his making a stand there, and almost inmediately the retreat was renewed and not again ended until the Union troops reached the Po tomac on the 26th, the Confederates pressing them continually on either flank and on their rear. A brigade under Gen. Gordon, left be hind at Winchester to enable the main body and the train to get well forward, maintained for some time an unequal fight with Jackson, but was finally compelled to fall back.

Thus in less than three weeks Jackson had not only baffled the efforts of Fremont and Banks to capture him, but had driven the latter completely out of Virginia. A more important advantage gained by him for the Confederate cause was the diversion of McDowell's corps, then preparing to march upon Richmond, from its contemplated junction with McClellan, which in the opinion of the latter general would have sealed the fate of the Confederate capital. Jackson remained in the vicinity of the Potomac, between Williamsport and Harper's Ferry, until the 30th of May, when prudential motives counselled him to move southward. The excitement which his dashing raid created throughout the Northern States had caused a considerable accumulation of troops at Harper's Ferry, while Fremont on one flank and McDowell on the other were in motion to cut off his retreat. Accordingly, on the night of the 30th, after a fruitless attempt to carry the Federal position at Harper's Ferry, he hurried off toward Winchester, whence on the succeeding day his retreat was continued up the valley. On the afternoon of the 31st, Fremont's advance, which had hastened by forced marches over difficult mountain roads from Franklin, encountered the rear guard of Jackson near Strasburg, and a smart skirmish ensued, which was terminated by darkness without material advantage to either side.

Jackson's retreat now equalled in rapidity that of Banks a week previous. He had however the advantage of having got his main body and train well forward, and his rear guard, covered by Ashby's cavalry, by delaying the march of Fremont, enabled the Confederates to pass safely through Strasburg. Part of the division of Shields, sent westward by McDowell to intercept Jackson, reached Front Royal, 12 miles from Strasburg, about the same time, so that the escape of the latter between both parties of his pursuers seemed almost miraculous. On the afternoon of June 1st, Fremont entered Strasburg only to find Jackson far in advance of him. Shields's advance guard now joined Fremont's force, while his main army passed up the valley along the south fork of the Shenandoah, Jackson and Fremont being on the north fork. It was thus the object of Jack son, though in superior force to Fremont, to avoid fighting & pitched battle, as the delay which would thereby be caused in his movements, might enable Shields to flank him on the east. For seven days the pursuit was pressed with vigor by Fremont, Jackson having in some instances barely time to burn the bridges behind him, and being obliged to leave by the way much of his plunder and material; and on the 8th the two armies came into collision at Cross Keys, 7 miles beyond Harrisonburg. A severe but indecisive engagement followed, terminating at nightfall, and under cover of the darkness Jackson pressed forward to secure the passage of the Shenandoah at Port Republic.

Shields had meanwhile made a parallel march with the retreating and pursuing armies, and his advance under Col. Carroll reached Port Republic on the 8th, while Jackson was fighting the battle of Cross Keys. Had the bridge over the Shenandoah been destroyed at this juncture, and had Carroll then pressed on to Waynesboro and rendered the Virginia Central railroad impassable at that point, the position of Jackson would have been critical. But the latter, well aware of this plan to intercept him, again baffled his enemies by the celerity of his movements, and before Carroll had made preparations to destroy the bridge, drove him back toward his supports. The Confederate army then pushed silently and swiftly across the river, upon the banks of which Fremont arrived on the morning of the 9th, only to find the bridge in flames and his prey again snatched from his grasp. Gen. Tyler meanwhile came up to the assistance of Carroll, but being in insignificant force, was soon put to rout by Jackson, who proceeded by easy marches to Richmond. Pursuit was impossible by the Federal troops, and Jackson was needed for more important duties in the army of Lee. Thenceforth he held no independent command, but his management of the brief but exciting campaign of the Shenandoah had sufficed to make his name famous both in Europe and America; and his admirers claim that in no subsequent campaigns, when acting under the directions of a superior, did he exhibit such energy, decisiveness and command of resources. His raid was of great benefit to the Confederate cause, and in no remote degree produced a series of disasters to the Federal arms, which for a time turned the scale against them.

On June 25th Jackson arrived at Ashland, about 16 miles north of Richmond, whence, in accordance with Lee's plan of a flank movement on McClellan's right wing, he was directed to move to Cold Harbor and attack the rear of Fitz John Porter's corps, which alone occupied the left bank of the Chickahominy. During the 26th and 27th he was occupied with getting into position, and late on the afternoon of the latter day, his troops falling with irresistible fury on the exhausted forces of Porter, who had been contending for hours against superior numbers at Gaines's Mill, drove them toward the Chickahominy and gave the victory to the Confederates. On the 29th he moved across the Chickahominy, engaged McClellan's rear guard on the succeeding day at Frazier's farm, and on July 1st shared in the signal defeat of the Confederates at Malvern Hills, where his corps lost several thousand in killed and wounded. A pause then ensued in the military operations before Richmond, both sides being too shattered to desire to renew the contest immediately. But about the middle of July the movements of the army of Virginia under Gen. Pope induced Lee to send a force to cover Gordonsville, and Jackson with his old corps, and Ewell's division, were selected for this duty.