then an exile, to concur in his measures. Be coming at length impatient, he wrote a peremptory letter to Artabazus, which he committed to one Argilius, his particular favourite. The young man, alarmed by the non-appearance of any former messengers, unsealed the packet; and finding a direction to put him to death, immediately disclosed the matter to the ephori. In order to obtain a fuller proof against Pausanias, the magistrates directed Argilius, as if in fear of his life, to take refuge in the temple of Neptune at Tænarus, causing at the same time a cavity to be dug near the altar, in which some of them lay concealed. Pausanias, hearing of his having taken sanctuary, repaired thither, much disturbed, and asked him the reason of his proceeding. A conversation ensued, which fully assured the ephori of his guilt, and they resolved to apprehend him. Becoming apprized of their intention, he fled to the temple of Minerva, called Chalciccus, the inviolable sanctity of which threw them into some perplexity. While they were in doubt what to do, the truly Spartan mother of Pausanias brought a brick, and set it against the door of the temple; her example was followed, till he was completely immured. When he was dead with hunger, his body was brought out, and interred by his friends. In such a wretched manner did this great but vicious man terminate his days, B. C. 474- Corn. Nepos. Plutarch in Cimone. Univ. Hist.-A. PAUSANIAS, a Greek topographical writer, flourished in the second century, under Adrian and the Antonines. If he was the same orator or grammarian whom Philostratus records under that name, he was a native of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, and studied under the celebrated Herodes Atticus. His provincial pronunciation impeded his success as a speaker, but he obtained reputation by his compositions. He declaimed both at Athens and Rome, in which last capital he died at an advanced age. From the writings of Pausanias himself we -derive very little information concerning his -life. He seems to have travelled extensively, and besides his extant work on Greece, he composed descriptions of Syria and Phoe nicia. The "Description of Greece" by Pausanias, though not a very well-written performance, is highly valuable to the antiquary, and contains much information no where else to be met with. It is a kind of itinerary through Greece, in ten books, in which the author notes every thing remarkable that fell under his observation, such as temples, theatres, sepulchres, statues, paintings, public monuments of all kinds, the sites and dimensions of ruined cities, and the scenes of important transactions. In some parts he gives historical details, and in those, his style, which is ordinarily common and negligent, rises to a degree of dignity. His work abounds with fabulous narrations, but such as were traditionally connected with the places described; whence he does not seem to deserve Julius Scaliger's severe epithet of "Græculorum omnium mendacissimus." What he himself saw, there is no reason to suppose that he misrepresented. Pausanias was first published from the press of Aldus in 1516 by the care of Marcus Musurus. The best edition has been reckoned that of Joach. Kuhnius, Gr. and Lat, folio, Lips. 1696; but it is probably excelled by the modern one of J. F. Facius, Lips. 1794-97, four volumes octavo. The French translation by the abbé Gedoyn is much esteemed. Vossii Hist. Grac. Moreri. Bibliogr. Diet.-A.. PAUSIAS, an eminent painter of antiquity, flourished about 350 B. C. He was a native of Sicyon, the son of Bries, who was his first master. He was instructed in the branch of painting called encaustic by Pamphilus, and was the first who became famous in it. He was, likewise, the first who adorned chambers with painted ceilings. He understood the art of fore-shortening, which Pliny describes by saying that when he wished to give an idea of the length of an ox, he did not, as was the former practice, place it transversely to the eye, but vertically, yet produced the full effect by the disposition of the lights and shades. He seems, also, to have been the first flowerpainter; for having in his youth been enamoured of Glycera, a maker of garlands, he attempted by his art to imitate the beauties of nature which she had assorted, and copied a great variety of flowers. At length he made a portrait of Glycera sitting with a garland, which was one of his most famous performances, and was known by the name of Stephaneplocos. He chiefly painted small pieces, one of which, representing a boy, was called Hemeresios, as being finished in a single day. He also executed some large works, among which was a sacrifice, in Pompey's portico, containing the figure of the ox above alluded to. He passed his life at Sicyon, which was long regarded as the proper country of painting. The debts of the state having obliged the Sicyonians to sell their pictures, those of Pau sias were brought to Rome in the edileship of Scaurus, where, as we learn from a line in the Satires of Horace, they were a great object of admiration to the connoisseurs. Plinii Hist. `Nat. I. xxxv.-A. PAUTRE, ANTONY LE, an eminent French architect, was born at Paris in 1614. He distinguished himself by his taste in the decoration of buildings, which, though somewhat heavy, was grand and majestic, and much superior to that for baubles and petty ornaments. Several edifices from his designs were erected in the capital and its environs, of which the most noted were the wings and cascade of St. Cloud, the church of the nunnery of Portroyal, and the hotels of Gevres and Beauvais. He was appointed architect to monsieur, the king's brother, and finally first architect to the king. He was a member of the Academy of Architecture from its first institution, and published a work on that art, entitled, "Les Oeuvres d'Architecture d'Antoine le Pautre," of which the first edition appeared in 1652. He died in 1691. JOHN LE PAUTRE, the elder brother of the preceding, was an eminent designer and engraver, and understood the decoration of pleasure-houses. His engraved plates amount to 1000, and served for studies to the ablest artists in France. His compositions are overcharged with sculptures and architectural ornaments, which prove that his fertility was superior to his taste. He died in 1682. Peter le PauTRE, born in 1660, was son to the architect. His genius led him to sculpture, which he studied during fourteen years at Rome. On his return he was employed in several public works, of which the most celebrated is a group of Eneas bearing Anchises on his shoulders, and holding Ascanius in his hand, which was placed in the garden of the Tuilleries. His performances display much fire and imagination, but are sometimes incorrect. He died in 1744, at the age of eightyfour. D'Argenville, Vies des Archit. & des Sculpteurs.-A. か PAUW, N. dE, a German canon, distinguished himself by his philosophical writings, of which the principal were, "Recherches Philosophiques sur les Americains, les Egyptiens et les Chinois," two volumes, 1768, and "Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs," two volumes, 1787, reprinted at Paris in seven volumes octavo, 1795. In these works there, is much learning and ingenuity, but joined with a bold spirit of conjecture, and a disposition VOL. VII. to contradict all received notions. They were PAYS, RENE LE, a writer of the light and From his Letters he' appears to have visited England and Holland, upon which countries he make some frivolous remarks, more impertinent than humorous. He was honoured by the duke of Savoy with the knighthood of St. Michael, and was associated to the academy of Arles. His latter days were disquieted by a law suit, by the event of which he was condemned to pay a considerable sum for one of his associates who had embezzled the public money. He died soon after, in 1690,. at the age of fifty-four. Bayle. Moreri.-A. PAZ, JAMES-ALVAREZ DE, a Spanish jesuit and pious writer in the sixteenth and early part of the seventeenth century, was born at Toledo, in the year 1560. After having been taught 4 Y he classics and philosophy, at the age of eigheen he commenced his noviciate in the society of Jesus, and soon distinguished himself by the composition of pious meditations, on which his tutors bestowed warm approbation. He went through his theological course at Alcala, and was afterwards sent by his superiors to Peru. Here he occupied successively the chairs of philosophy and divinity at Lima, with the highest applause, sedulously devoting the hours not demanded by his professional duties to divine contemplation, and the composition of those works which were from time to time given to the public. From Lima he was sent to preside as rector of the society's college at Quito; whence he was transferred to the same post at Cusco. Afterwards he filled the high office of provincial of Peru during six years. While he was visiting the different establishments belonging to the order in this capacity, he was seized with a mortal illness at Potosi, which carried him off in 1620, when about sixty years of age. He is highly panegyrized by his biographers, as having exhibited an illustrious example of all the christian virtues, and uniformly practised that rigid mortification and self-denial, to which the Catholics ascribe exalted merit. His works are written in Latin; but they have been translated into many of the European languages, and are held in high estimation. Their titles are, "De Vita Spirituali, ejusque Perfectione, Lib. IX," 1608, folio; a "Compendium" of which was digested by a priest of Bois-le-duc, and printed in 1620, octavo; " De Exterminatione Mali, et Promotione Boni, Lib. V," 1614, folio; "De Inquisitione Pacis, sive Studio Orationis, Lib. V," 1617, folio; and the following, prefixed to pieces extracted and condensed from the author's larger works: "De Vita religiosè instituenda, sive de quotidiana Virtutum Exercitatione," 1613, 12mo. afterwards revised, and enlarged by the author into two volumes, octavo; "Meditationes tripartitæ," 1620, quarto; "De Humilitate, Virtutum omnium Fundamento;" "De Virtutum Adeptione," &c. Sotvelli Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. | PAZMANI, PETER, a celebrated Hungarian cardinal who flourished in the seventeenth century, was descended from a noble Transyl vanian family, and born at Great-Waradin in Hungary, but in what year we are not informed. He entered the order of jesuits in the year 1587, and distinguished himself by the progress which he made in the different branches of literature, sacred and profane. In the year 1607, he was selected on account of his superior acquirements, to be professor of philosophy, and afterwards of divinity, at the college of Gratz in Styria, in which posts he acquitted himself with universal satisfaction and applause. Afterwards he devoted himself to missions in different parts of the kingdom, and is said to have had great success in opposing the progress of the reformed opinions, and in bringing back many wanderers to the fold of the catholic church. By his zeal and activity he so powerfully recommended himself to the emperor Matthias, and the principal Hungarian nobility, that, upon a vacancy taking place in the archiepiscopal see of Gran, or Strigonia, he was nominated to that station, and by the command of the pope, against his own inclination, obliged to accept of it. Being by this appointment primate of the kingdom, he assiduously exerted himself in establishing a strict discipline, and correcting the relaxed manners of the Hungarian clergy. For the encouragement of literature, he also founded colleges at Presburg, Posen, and other places. In the year 1629, at the solicitation of the emperor Ferdinand II., pope Urban VIII. promoted him to the purple. By the same prince he was afterwards sent ambassador to the court of Rome. He died at Posen in 1637, when on his journey towards Vienna, to attend the councils of the emperor Ferdinand III. He' published, "Acta et Decreta Synodi Diœcesanæ Strygoniensis, celebrate Tyrnauiæ," 1629, quarto, which will be useful to the ecclesiastical historian; "Sermons on the Gospels for all the Sundays, and several of the Festivals throughout the Year," 1636, folio, in the Hungarian language; "a Collection of Prayers," octavo, in the same language, which has undergone numerous impressions; and a multitude of doctrinal, practical, and controversial treatises, in Hungarian and Latin, of which a long list is given in Sotvelli Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME. |
