blinded with lust, blinded with ambition; "t They seek that at God's hands, which they may give unto themselves, if they could but refrain from those cares, and perturbations, wherewith they continually macerate their mindes." But giving way to these violent passions of fear, grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, &c. they are torn in pieces, as Acteon was with his dogs, and crucifie their own souls.

Sorrow.

u

SUBSEC. IV.

Sorrow, a cause of Melancholy.

N

Insanus dolor. In this Catalogue of Passions, which so much torment the Soul of man, and cause this malady (for I will briefly speak of them all, and in their order) the first place in this Irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by Sorrow. An inseparable companion, "The mother and daughter of melancholy, her Epitome, Symptome, and chief cause" as Hippocrates hath it: They beget one another, and tread in a ring, for sorrow is both Cause and Symptome of this disease. How it is a Symptome shall be shewed in his place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth, Dolor nonnullis insaniæ causa fuit, & aliorum morborum insanabilium, saith Plutarch to Apollonius; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of this mischief, Lemnius cals it. So doth Rhasis cont. l. 1. tract. 9. Guianerius Tract. 15. c. 5. And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as Felix Plater observes, and as in a Cebes' table, may well be coupled with it. b Chrysostome, in his seventeenth Epistle to Olympia, describes it to be "a cruel torture of the soul, a most inexplicable grief, poysoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very heart, a perpetual executioner,

a

Multi se in inquietudinem præcipitant ambitione & cupiditatibus excæcati, non intelligunt se illud à diis petere, quod sibi ipsis si velint præstare possint, si curis & perturbationibus, quibus assidue se macerant, imperare vellent. " Tanto studio miseriarum causas, & alimenta dolorum qua mus, vitamq; secus felicissimam, tristem & miserabilem efficimus. Pe rarch. præfat. de Remediis, &c. Timor & mastitía, si diu perseverent, causa & soboles atri humoris sunt, & in circulum se procreant. Hip. Aphoris. 23, 1. 6. Idem Montaltus cap. 19. Victorius Faventinus pract. imag. Multi ex mærore & metu huc delapsi sunt. Lemn. lib. 1. cap. 16. Multa cura & tristitia faciunt accedere melancholiam (cap. 3. de mentis alien.) si altas radices agat, in veram fixamq; degenerat melancholia & in desperationem desinit. aille luctus, ejus verò soror desperatio simul ponitur. Animarum crudele tormentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinea non solum ossa, sed corda pertingens, perpetuus carnifex, vires animæ consumens, jugis nox, & tenebræ profundæ, tempestas & turbo & febris non apparens, omni igne validius incendens; longior, & pugnæ finem non ha▾ bens Crucem circumfert dolor, faciemque omni tyranno crudeliorem præ se fert.

continual

continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwinde, a tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse then any fire, and a battel that hath no end: It crucifies worse then any Tyrant; no torture, no strappado, no bodily punishment is like unto it. 'Tis the Eagle without question which the Poets feigned to gnaw • Prometheus' heart, and "no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart," Ecclus. 25, 15, 16. d Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," a domineering passion: as in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferior magistracies ceased; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. "It dries up the bones, saith Solomon, c. 17. Pro. makes them hollow-ey'd, pale, and lean, furrow faced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, riveled cheeks, dry bodies, and quite perverts their temperature that are misaffected with it. As Elenora that exil'd mournful Dutches (in our English Ovid) laments to her noble husband Humphrey Duke of Glocester,

Sawest thou those eyes in whose sweet cheerful look
Duke Humphry once such joy and pleasure took,
Sorrow hath so despoil'd me of all

grace,

Thou could'st not say this was my Elnor's face.
Like a foule Gorgon, &c.

66

"fit hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomack, colour, and sleep; thickens the blood, ( Fernelius l. 1. c. 18. de morb. causis) contaminates the spirits." ( Piso) Overthrowes the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body and minde, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howle and roar for very anguish of their souls. David confessed as much, Psal. 38. 8. "I have roared for the very disquietness of And Psal. 119. 4. part. 4. my heart." My soul melteth away for very heaviness, vers. 38. "I am like a bottle in the smoak." Antiochus complained that he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief, Christ himself, Vir dolorum, out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat blood, Mark 14. His soul was heavy to the death, and no sorrow was like unto his. Crato consil. 21. 7. 2. gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of 8 grief: and Montanus consil. 30. in a noble

f

V.

Nat. Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. d Tully 3. Tusc. omnis perturbatio miseria & carnificina est dolor. • M. Drayton in his Her. ep. f Crato consil. 21. lib. 2. mostitia universum infrigidat corpus, calorem innatum extin guit, appetitum destruit. • Cor refrigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat, innatumque calorem obruit, vigilias inducit, concoctionem labefactat, sanguinem inCrassat, exageratque melancholicum succum.

taminatur.

Piso.

Spiritus & sanguis hoc con. Mærore maceror, marcesco

Matron,

& consenesco miser, ossa atq; pellis sum misera macritudine. Plaut.

Marc. 6. 16. 11.

Ꮪ Ꮞ

Matron," that had no other cause of this mischief." I. S. D. in Hildesheim, fully cured a patient of his, that was much troubled with melancholy, and for many years, "but afterwards by a little occasion of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are common, how it causeth melancholy, desperation, and sometimes death it self; for (Ecclus. 38. 15.) "Of heaviness comes death. Worldly sorrow causeth death," 2 Cor. 7. 10. Psal. 31. 10.

k

My life is wasted with heaviness, and my years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog? Niobe into a stone? but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor dyed for grief; and how many myriads besides?

"Tanta illi est feritas, tanta est insania luctus."

Melancthon gives a reason of it," the gathering of much melancholy blood about the heart, which collection extinguisheth the good spirits, or at least dulleth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with great pain: And the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffused under the ribs, on the left side, makes those perilous hypocondriacall convulsions, which happen to them that are troubled with Sorrow."

COSEN german to Sorrow, is Fear, or rather a sister, fidus

Achates, and continual companion, an assistant and a principal agent in procuring of this mischief; a cause and symptome as the other. In a word, as Virgil of the Harpies, I may justly say of them both,

"Tristius haud illis monstrum, nec sævior ulla
Pestis & ira Deum stygiis sese extulit undis."

A sadder monster, or more cruel plague so fell,
Or vengeance of the Gods, ne'r came from Styx or Hell.

Malum inceptum & actum à tristitia sola. Hildesheim. spicel. 2. de melancholia, mærore animi postea accedente, in priora symptomata incidit. Vives 3. de anima, c. de mærore. Sabin. in Ovid. 'Herodian. 1.3. mærore magis quam morbo consumptus est. m Bothwellius atribilarius obiit Brizarrus Genuensis hist. &c. "Moestitia cor quasi percussum constringitur, tremit & languescit cum acri sensu doloris. In tristitia cor fugiens attrahit ex Splene lentum humorem melancholicum, qui effusus sub costis in sinistro latere hypocondriacos flatus facit, quod sæpe accidit iis qui diuturna cura & mœstitia conflictantur, Melancthon.

Lib. 3. Æn. 4.

This foule fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a God
by the Lacedæmonians, and most of those other torturing?
affections, and so was sorrow amongst the rest, under the name
of Angerona Dea, they stood in such awe of them, as Austin
de Civitat. Dei, lib. 4. cap. 8. noteth out of Varro, Fear was
commonly adored and painted in their Temples with a Lion's
head; and as Macrobius records 1. 10. Saturnalium; "In
the Calends of January Angerona had her holy day, to whom
in the Temple of Volupia, or Goddess of pleasure, their Au-
gures and Bishops did yearly sacrifice; that, being propitious to
them, she might expell all cares, anguish, and vexation of the
minde for that yeer following." Many lamentable effects this
Fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, it
makes sudden cold and heat to come over all the body, palpi-
It amazeth many men that
tation of the heart, Syncope, &c.
are to speak, or shew themselves in publike assemblies, or be-
fore some great personages, as Tully confessed of himself, that
he trembled still at the beginning of his speech; and Demost-
henes that great Orator of Greece before Philippus. It con-
founds voice and memory, as Lucian wittily brings in Jupiter
Tragœdus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to
make a speech to the rest of the Gods, that he could not utter a
ready word, but was compelled to use Mercurie's help in prompt-
ing. Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, they
know not where they are, what they say, what they do, and
that which is worst, it tortures them many dayes before with
continuall affrights and suspition. It hinders most honourable
attempts, & makes their hearts ake, sad and heavy. They that
live in fear are never free, "resolute, secure, never merry, but
in continual pain: that, as Vives truely said, Nulla est miseria
major quàm metus, no greater misery, no rack, nor torture like
unto it, ever suspicious, anxious, sollicitous, they are child-
ishly drooping without reason, without judgment, especially
if some terrible object be offered," as Plutarch hath it. It
causeth oftentimes sudden madness, and almost all maner of
discases, as I have sufficiently illustrated in my Digression of
the force of Imagination, and shall do more at large in my

t

66X

r Calendis
P Et metum ideo deam sacrarunt ut bonam mentem concederet. Varro, Lac-
tantius, Aug. 9 Lilius Girald. Syntag. 1. de diis miscellaniis.
• Timor inducit
Jan. ieriæ sunt divæ Angeronæ, cui pontifices in sacello Volupiæ sacra faciunt,
quod angores et animi sollicitudines propitiata propellat.
frigus, cordis palpitationem, vocis defectum atq; pallorem. Agrippa lib. 1.
cap. 63. Timidi semper spiritus habent frizidos. Mont.
fugientes agmine turmas; quis mea nunc inflat cornua Faunus ait? Alciat.
"Metus non solum memoriam consternat, sed et institutum animi omne et lau-
dabilem conatum impedit. Thucidides.

andri, ubi propè res adfuit terribilis.

Effusas cernens

* Lib. de fortitudine & virtute Alex

Sect. 2. Mem. 3. Subs. 2.

section

section of Terrors. Fear makes our Imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to come to us, as Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizeth over our Phantasie more than all other affections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men, as Lavater saith, Quæ metuunt, fingunt; what they fear they conceive, and faign unto themselves; they think they see Goblins, Hagges, Devils, and many times become melancholy thereby. Cardan subtil. lib. 18. hath an example of such an one, so caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus Cæsar durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente, saith Suetonius, Nunquam tenebris evigilavit. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto themselves, if they go over a Church-yard in the night, lye, or be alone in a dark room, how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future events, fore-knowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the Emperor, Adrian and Domitian, Quod sciret ultimum wite diem, saith Suetonius, valde solicitus, much tortured in minde because he foreknow his end; with many such, of which I shall speak more opportunely in another place. Anxiety, mercy, pitty, indignation, &c. and such fearful branches derived from these two stemmes of fear and sorrow, I voluntarily omit; read more of them in Carolus Pascalius, Dandinus, &c.

SHAM

SUBSEC. VI.

Shame and Disgrace, Causes.

h

HAME and Disgrace cause most violent passions, and bitter pangs. Ob pudorem & dedecus publicum, ob errorem commissum sæpe moventur generosi animi (Felix Plater lib. 3. de alienat. mentis) Generous minds are often moved with shame, to despair for some publike disgrace. And he, saith Philo lib. 2. de provid. dei," that subjects himself to fear, grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, tortured with continual labour, care, and misery." It is as forcible a batterer as any of the rest: "Many men neglect the tumults of the world, and care not for glory, and yet they are

Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 3.

Subtil. 18. lib. timor attrahit ad se Demonas, timor et error multum in hominibus possunt. Lib. 2. Spectris ca. 3. fortes rarò spectra vident, quia minus timent. • Vita ejus. f Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 7. De virt. et vitiis. h Com. in Arist. de Anima. * Qui mentem subjecit timoris dominationi, cupiditatis, doloris, ambitionis, pudoris, elix non est, sed omnino miser, assiduis laborius torquetur & miseria. contemnunt mundi strepitum, reputant pro nihilo gloriam, sed timent infamiam, offensionem, repulsam. Voluptatem severissimè contemnunt, in dolore sunt molliores, gloriam negligunt, franguntur infamia,

Multi