who occupied different parts of the province. Many of these show by the form of their name that if not directly of Indian descent, they are clearly connected with that country. Thus we have the Pasicae, near the Montes Oxii; the Thacori (Takurs) on the Jaxartes; the Oxydrancae, Drybactae, and Gandari (Gandháras), under the mountains; the Mardyeni (Madras), Chorasmii (Khwaresmians), near the Oxus; and the Cirrodes (Kirátas) near the same river. (Wilson, Ariana, p. 164.)

The historians of Alexander's march leave us to suppose that Sogdiana abounded with large towns; but many of these, as Professor Wilson has remarked (1. c.), were probably little more than forts erected along the lines of the great rivers to defend the country from the incursions of the barbarous tribes to its N. and E. Yet these writers must have had good opportunity of estimating the force of these places, as Alexander appears to have been the best part of three years in this and the adjoining province of Bactriana. The principal towns of which the names have been handed down to us, were Cyreschata or Cyropolis, on the Jaxartes (Steph. B. s. v.; Curt. vi. 6); Gaza (Ghaz or Ghazna, Ibn Haukíl, p. 270); Alexandreia Ultima (Arrian, iii. 30; Curt. I. c.; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6), doubtless in the neighbourhood of, if not on the site of the present Khojend; Alexandreia Oxiana (Ptol. vi. 12. § 5; Steph. B. s. v.); Nautaca (Arrian, iii. 28, iv. 18), in the neighbourhood of Karshi or Naksheb; Branchidae (Strab. xi. p. 518), a place traditionally said to have been colonised by a Greek population; and Marginia (Curt. vii. 10. § 15), probably the present Marghinan. (Droysen, Rhein. Mus. 2 Jahr. p. 86; Mannert, iv. p. 452; Burnes, Travels, i. p. 350; Memoirs of Báber, p. 12; De Sacy, Notices et Extraits, iv. p. 354; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vi. p. 284.)

[V.]

SOGDII MONTES. [SOGDIANA.] SOGIUNTII, an Alpine people mentioned by Pliny (iii. 20. s. 24). Nothing but resemblance of name gives us any indication of the position of many small mountain tribes, but the names remain frequently very little changed. The position of the Sogiuntii is conjectured to be shown by the name Sauze or Souches, NE. of Briançon in the department of Hautes Alpes. But this is merely a guess; and even the orthography of the name Sogiuntii is not certain. [G. L.]

SOLE, a small town in the interior of Hyrcania, mentioned by Ammianus (xxiii. 6).

[V.] SOLEN (Ewan, Ptol. vii. 1. §§ 10, 34), a small river of S. India, which has its sources in M. Bettigo, and flows thence into the Sinus Colchicus or Gulf of Manaar. It is not certain which of two rivers, the Vaiparu or the Tamraparni, represent it at present Lassen inclines to the latter. [V.]

SOLENTA. [OLYNTA INSULA.]
SOLENTUM. [SOLUS.]

SOLETUM (Soleto), a town of Calabria, situated in the interior of the Iapygian peninsula, about 12 miles S. of Lupiae (Lecce). It mentioned only by Pliny, in whose time it was deserted ("Soletum desertum," Plin. iii. 11. s. 16), but it must have been again inhabited, as it still exists under the ancient name. That the modern town occupies the ancient site is proved by the remains of the ancient walls which were still visible in the days of Galateo, and indicated a town of considerable magnitude (Galateo, de Sit. Iapyg. p.81; Romanelli, vol. ii. p.26.)[E. H. B.]

portant town on the coast of Cilicia, between the mouths of the rivers Lamus and Pyramus, from each of which its distance was about 500 stadia. (Strab. xiv. p. 675; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 170, &c.) The town was founded by Argives joined by Lindians from Rhodes. (Strab. xiv. p. 671; Pomp. Mela, i. 13; Liv. xxxvii. 56.) It is first mentioned in history by Xenophon (Anab. i. 2. § 24) as a maritime town of Cilicia; it rose to such opulence that Alexander the Great could fine its citizens for their attachment to Persia with 200 talents. (Arrian, Anab. ii. 5. § 5; Curt. iii. 17.) During the Mithridatic War the town of Soli was taken and destroyed by Tigranes, king of Armenia, who probably transplanted most of its inhabitants to Tigranocerta. (Dion Cass. xxxvi. 20; Plut. Pomp. 28; Strab. xi. p. 532.) But the place was revived by Pompey, who peopled it with some of those pirates who had fallen into his hands, and changed its name into Pompeiupolis. (Пournïoúroλis, Plut. 7. c.; Strab. xiv. p. 671; Appian, Mithr. 105; Ptol. v. 8. § 4: Plin. v. 22; Steph. B. s. v.; Tac. Ann. ii. 58; Hierocl. p. 704.) Soli was the birthplace of Chrysippus the philosopher, and of two distinguished poets, Philemon and Aratus, the latter of whom was believed to be buried on a hill near the town. The Greek inhabitants of Soli are reported to have spoken a very corrupt Greek in consequence of their intercourse with the natives of Cilicia, and hence to have given rise to the term solecism (σoλviktoμós), which has found its way into all the languages of Europe; other traditions, however, connect the origin of this term with the town of Soli, in Cyprus. (Diog. Laert. i. 2. § 4; Eustath. ad Dion. Per. 875; Suid. s. v. óλo.) The locality and the remains of this ancient city have been described by Beaufort (Karamania, p. 261, foll.). "The first object that presented itself to us on landing," says he, was a beautiful harbour or basin, with parallel sides and circular ends; it is entirely artificial, being formed with surrounding walls or moles, which are 50 feet in thickness and 7 in height. Opposite to the entrance of the harbour a portico rises from the surrounding quay, and opens to a double row of 200 columns, which, crossing the town, communicates with the principal gate towards the country. Of the 200 columns no more than 42 are now standing; the remainder lie on the spot where they fell, intermixed with a vast assemblage of other ruined buildings which were connected with the colonnade. The theatre is almost entirely destroyed. The city walls, strengthened by numerous towers, entirely surrounded the town. Detached ruins, tombs, and sarcophagi were found scattered to some distance from the walls, on the outside of the town, and it is evident that the whole country was once occupied by a numerous and industrious people." The natives now call the place Mezetlu. (Comp. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 213, foll.) The little river which passed through Soli was called Liparis, from the oily nature

R

[L. S.]

SOLI or SOLOE (Zóλo, Ptol. v. 14. § 4), an important seaport town in the W. part of the N. coast of Cyprus, situated on a small river. ( (Strab. xiv. p. 683.) According to Plutarch (Sol. 26) it was founded by a native prince at the suggestion of Solon and named in honour of that legislator. The sojourn of Solon in Cyprus is mentioned by Herodotus (v. 113). Other accounts, however, make it an Athenian settlement, founded under the auspices of Phalerus and Acamas (Strab. I. c.), or of Demophon, the son of Theseus (Plut. . c). We learn from Strabo (l. c.) that it had a temple of Aphrodite and one of Isis; and from Galen (de Simp. Med. ix. 3, 8) that there were mines in its neighbourhood. The inhabitants were called Solii (Zoo), to distinguish them from the citizens of Soli in Cilicia, who were called Zoλeis (Diog. Laert. V. Solon, 4). According to Pococke (ii. p. 323), the valley which surrounded the city is still called Solea; and the ruins of the town itself may be traced in the village of Aligora. (Comp. Aesch. Pers. 889; Scyl. p. 41; Stadiasm. M. Magni, § 295, seq.; Const. Porphyr. de Them. i. p. 39, Lips.; Hierocl. p. 707, &c.). [T. H. D.]

SOLIA. [ARAE HESPERI.] SOLICI'NIUM, a town in the Agri Decumates, in South-western Germany, on Mount Pirus, where Valentinian in A. D. 369 gained a victory over the Alemanni. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 10, xxviii. 2, xxx. 7.) A variety of conjectures have been made to identify the site of the town, but there are no positive criteria to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion. [L. S.]

SOLIMARIACA, in Gallia, is placed in the Antonine Itin. on the road from Andomatunum (Langres) to Tullum Leucorum (Toul), and nearly half-way between Mosa (Meuse) and Tullum. There is a place named Soulosse, which in name and in position agrees with Solimariaca. "The trace of the Roman road is still marked in several places by its elevation, both on this side of Soulosse and beyond it on the road to Toul." (D'Anville, Notice, &c.)[G. L.] SOLIMNIA, a small island of the Aegaean sea, off the coast of Thessaly, near Scopelos. (Plin. iv. 12. s. 23.)

SOLIS INSULA (Plin. vi. 22. s. 24), an island mentioned by Pliny between the mainland of India and Ceylon, in the strait. There can be no doubt that it is the present Ramiseram Cor, famous for a temple of Rama. It bore also the name of Kapu [CORY.] [V.]

SOLIS FONS. [OASIS, p. 458.] SOLIS PORTUS ('Hλlov λiμhy, Ptol. vii. 4. § 6), a harbour near the SE. corner of Taprobane (Ceylon). It has been conjectured by Forbiger that it is the present Vendelusbai,- -a name we do not discover on the best maps. Its position, south of the Malea mountains (Adam's Peak), is certain. [V.]

SOLIS PROMONTO'RIUM ('Iepà 'Hλíov áкpa), "Sacra solis extrema," a promontory of the east coast of Arabia at the south of the Persian gulf. between the mouth of the river Lar and Rhegma, in the country of the Nariti. (Ptol. vi. 7. § 14.) [LAR: RHEGMA.] [G. W.]

SO'LLIUM (ZÓλλiov: Eth. Zoλλieús), a town on the coast of Acarnania, on the Ionian sea.

the neighbourhood of Palaerus, which lay between Leucas and Alyzia. [PALAERUS.] Leake, however, places it S. of Alyzia, at Stravolimióna (i. e. Port Stravo). Sollium was a Corinthian colony, and as such was taken by the Athenians in the first year of the Peloponnesian War (B. c. 431), who gave both the place and its territory to Palaerus. It is again mentioned in B. C. 426, as the place at which Demosthenes landed when he resolved to invade Aetolia. (Thuc. ii. 30, iii. 95, comp. v. 30; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 18, seq.)

SOLMISSUS (Zoλuσós), a hill near Ephesus, rising above the grove of Leto, where the Curetes, by the loud noise of their arms, prevented Hera from hearing the cries of Leto when she gave birth to her twins. (Strab. xiv. p. 640.) [L.S.]

SOLOMATIS (Zoλóuaris, Arrian, Ind. c. 4), a river named by Arrian as one of the feeders of the Ganges. There has been much difference of opinion as to what modern stream this name represents. Mannert thinks that it is one of the affluents of the Jumna (v. pt. i. p. 69); while Benfey, on the other hand, considers it not unlikely that under the name of Solomatis lurks the Indian Sarasvati or Sarsooti, which, owing to its being lost in the sands, is fabled by the Indians to flow under the earth to the spot where the Ganges and Jumna join, near Allahabad. (Benfey, art. Indien, in Ersch und Gruber, p. 4.) [V.]

SOLO'NA (Eth. Solonas: Città del Sole), a town of Gallia Cispadana, mentioned only by Pliny among the municipal towns of the 8th region (Plin. iii. 15. s. 20), but the name of the Solonates is found also in an inscription, which confirms its municipal rank (Gruter, Inscr. p. 1095. 2). Unfortunately this inscription, which was found at Ariminum, affords no clue to the site of Solona: it is placed conjecturally by Cluver at a place called Città del Sole about 5 miles SW. of Forli: but this site would seem too close to the important town of Forum Livii. (Cluver. Ital. p. 291.) [E. H. B.]

SOLO'NIUM (Zoλúviov), in Gallia Narbonensis, where C. Pomptinus defeated the Allobroges, B. C. 61. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. c. 48; Liv. Epit. 103, where it is said, "C. Pontinius Praetor Allobroges qui rebellaverant ad Salonem (Solonem ?) domuit.") It has been conjectured that Solonium is Sallonaz, in the department of Ain, near the small river Brivas; but this is merely a guess. The narrative of Dion is useless, as usual, for determining anything with precision. Other guesses have been made about the position of Solonium; one of which is too absurd to mention. [G. L.]

SOLO'NIUS AGER (Zoλúviov, Plut.), was the name given to a district or tract in the plain of Latium, which appears to have bordered on the territories of Ostia, Ardea, and Lanuvium. But there is some difficulty in determining its precise situation or limits. Cicero in a passage in which he speaks of a prodigy that happened to the infant Roscius, places it "in Solonio, qui est campus agri Lanuvini" (de Div. i. 36); but there are some reasons to suspect the last words to be an interpolation. On the other hand, Livy speaks of the Antiates as making incursions "in agrum Ostiensem, Ardeatem, Solonium" (viii. 12). Plutarch mentions that Marius retired to a villa that he possessed there, when he was expelled from Rome in B. C. 88; and from thence repaired to Ostia. (Plut. Mar. 35.) But

the most distinct indication of its locality is afforded | by a passage of Festus (s. v. Pomonal, p. 250), where he tells us "Pomonal est in agro Solonio, via Ostiensi, ad duodecimum lapidem, diverticulo a miliario octavo." It is thence evident that the "ager Solonius" extended westward as far as the Via Ostiensi, and probably the whole tract bordering on the territories of Ostia, Laurentum, and Ardea, was known by this nane. It may well therefore have extended to the neighbourhood of Lanuvium also. Cicero tells us that it abounded in snakes. (De Div. ii. 31.) It appears from one of his letters that he had a villa there, as well as Marius, to which he talks of retiring in order to avoid contention at Rome (ad Att. ii. 3).

The origin of the name is unknown; it may probably have been derived from some extinct town of the name; but no trace of such is found. Dionysius, indeed, speaks of an Etruscan city of Solonium, from whence the Lucumo came to the assistance of Romulus (Dionys. ii. 37); but the name is in all probability corrupt, and, at all events, cannot afford any explanation of the Latin district of the [E. H. B.]

name.

(Itin. Ant. p. 91; Tab. Peut.) It is probable that its complete destruction dates from the time of the Saracens.

At the present day the site of the ancient city is wholly desolate and uninhabited. It stood on a lofty hill, now called the Monte Catalfano, at the foot of which is a small cove or port, with a fort, still called the Castello di Solanto, and a station for the tunny fishery. The traces of two ancient roads, paved with large blocks of stone, which led up to the city, may still be followed, and the whole summit of the hill is covered with fragments of ancient walls and foundations of buildings. Among these may be traced the remains of two temples, of which some capitals, portions of friezes, &c. have been discovered; but it is impossible to trace the plan and design of these or any other edifices. They are probably all of them of the period of the Roman dominion. Several cisterns for water also remain, as well as sepulchres; and some fragments of sculpture of considerable merit have been discovered on the site. (Fazell. de Reb. Sic. viii. p. 352; Amico, Lex. Top. vol. ii. pp. 192-195; Hoare's Class. Tour, vol. ii. p. 234; Serra di Falco, Ant. della Sicilia, vol. v. pp. 60-67.) [E. H. B.]

SOLYGEIA, SOLYGEIUS. [CORINTHUS, pp. 684, b, 685, a.]

SOLYMA (Tà Zóλvua), a high mountain near Phaselis in Lycia. (Strab. xiv. p. 666.) As the mountain is not mentioned by any other writer, it is probably only another name for the Chimaera Mons, the Olympus, or the mountains of the Solymi, mentioned by Homer. (Od. v. 283.) In the Stadiasmus it is simply called the opos μéya: it extends about 70 miles northward from Phaselis, and its highest point, now called Taghtalu, rises immediately above the ruins of Phaselis, which exactly corresponds with the statement of Strabo. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 189.) [L. S.]

SOLO'RIUS MONS, an offshoot of Mons Argentarius, running to the SW., on the borders of Hispania Tarraconensis and Baetica, and connecting Mount Ortospeda with Mount Ilipula. (Plin. iii. 1. 8. 2.) It is probably the same nountain mentioned by Strabo (iii. p. 156) as rich in gold and other mines, and the present Sierra Nevada. [T. H. D.] SO'LUS or SOLUNTUM (Zoλóeis, Thuc.; ZoAoûs, Diod.: Eth. ZoλovvTivos, Diod., but coins have ZoλovTivos; Soluntinus: Solanto), a city of Sicily, situated on the N. coast of the island, about 12 miles E. of Panormus, and immediately to the E. of the bold promontory called Capo Zaffarana. It was a Phoenician colony, and from its proximity to Panormus was one of the few which that people retained when they gave way before the advance of the Greek colonies in Sicily, and withdrew to the NW. corner of the island. (Thuc. vi. 2.) It afterwards passed together with Panormus and Motya into the hands of the Carthaginians, or at least became a dependency of that people. It continued steadfast to the Carthaginian alliance even in B. C. 397, when the formidable armanent of Dionysius shook the fidelity of most of their allies (Diod. xiv. 48); its territory was in consequence ravaged by Dionysius, but without effect. At a later period of the war (B. C. 396) it was betrayed into the hands of that despot (Ib. 78), but probably soon fell again into the power of the Carthaginians. It was certainly one of the cities that usually formed part of their dominions in the island; and in B. c. 307 it was give up by them to the soldiers and mercenaries of Agathocles, who had made peace with the Carthaginians when abandoned by their leader in Africa. (Diod. xx. 69.) During the First Punic War we find it still subject to Carthage, and it was not till after the fall of Panormus that Soluntum also opened its gates to the Romans. (Id. xxiii. p. 505.) It continued to subsist under the Roman dominion as a municipal town, but apparently one of no great consideration, as its name is only slightly and occasionally mentioned by Cicero (Verr. ii. 42, iii. 43.) But it is still noticed both by Pliny and Ptolemy (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 3, where the name is corruptly written 'Oλovλís), as well as at a later period by the Itineraries, which place it 12 miles

SOLYMI. [LYCIA.] SOMENA. [SIMENA.]

SONAUTES, according to Pliny (vi. 1), a river in Pontus; while, according to Apollonius Rhodius (ii. 747), the Acheron in Bithynia was anciently called Soonautes (ZowvaÚTNS). [L. S.]

SONEIUM, a place in Moesia Superior, on the borders of Thrace, at the pass of Mount Scomius, called Succi. (Itin. Hieros. p. 567.) Identified with Bagna. [T. H. D.]

SONISTA, a town in Upper Pannonia, on the road from Poetovium to Siscia. (Geog. Rav. iv. 19; Tab. Peut.; It. Hieros. p. 561, where it is written Sunista.) Its exact site is unknown. [L. S.]

SO'NTIA (Eth. Sontinus: Sanza), a town of Lucania, known only from Pliny, who enumerates the Sontini among the municipal towns of that province (Plin. iii. 11. s. 15). It is probable that it is the same place now called Sanza, situated in the mountains about 12 miles N. of the Gulf of Poli